The paradox of global universe rotation, as it seems, is today one
of its greatest mysteries of nature. The idea originated less than
a hundred years, and getting the most correct answer was possible
only after the creation of modern cosmology. In this book, the
authors forward their visions on the universal rotation problem. At
the same time, the arguments in favor of its global rotation
absence are presented as well. In fact, different theoretical and
observational aspects of evidence that supports the possible
rotation of the universe on different cosmological scales were
investigated. It was shown that there are correlations between
angular momentum and size of the structures. The presented
observational picture is that the galaxies, their pairs and compact
groups have a non vanishing angular momentum. Moreover, these
momenta have the definite tendency to their alignment. An analysis
of the distribution of position angles of more than ten thousand
extended radio sources shows that the spatial orientation of axes
of these objects is anisotropic: they are mostly oriented not in
the direction of the celestial pole, but rather in the equatorial
direction. The probability that the sky distribution of axes is
isotropic is less than 0.00004. It was argued that our universe
rotates differentially. Based on the spinning part of Papapetrous
equations, it was shown that the rotation radically depends on the
properties of the epoch of universal growth. The universes angular
velocities have been calculated for three main cosmological epochs:
the matter dominated epoch, the transient from matter to vacuum
dominated epoch, and the vacuum dominated epoch. In the framework
of general relativity, the nonstationary Bianchi type VIII
cosmological models with rotation were proposed. As the sources of
gravity have been chosen, they are known as comoving perfect fluid
with non-comoving dust, comoving perfect fluid with pure radiation,
and comoving anisotropic fluid. All of the models contain a
rotating dark energy. Recent observations, such as the anomalies in
the temperature angular distribution of the cosmic microwave
background (CMB), indicate a preferred direction in the universe.
The foundation of modern cosmology, however, relies on a
homogeneous and isotropic distribution of matter on large scales.
Here, the authors consider the preferred axis in the CMB parity
violation. The authors also found that this axis coincides with the
preferred axes of the CMB quadrupole and octopole, and they all
align with the direction of the CMB kinematic dipole, which does
not have a cosmological origin. The several exact non-stationary
Goedel-type solutions that belong to a large class of shear-free
spatially homogeneous spacetimes were presented. The observational
effects of the universal rotation in cosmology are analyzed. It was
shown that the pure cosmic rotation does not produce either
causality violations, parallax effects, or anisotropy of the
microwave background radiation. A possible way to detect the cosmic
rotation is to search for the angular dependencies of the standard
cosmological tests, and a number of new observations can be
proposed.
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