An influential forerunner of French Existentialism, the
Russian-born thinker Lev Shestov (1866-1938) elaborated a radical
critique of rationalist knowledge and ethics from the point of view
of individual human existence. Best known for his ground-breaking
comparative studies of Tolstoy and Nietzsche, and of Dostoevsky and
Nietzsche, Shestov defined his conception as the 'philosophy of
tragedy'. Shestov's philosophical hermeneutics of the literary work
of art was later developed and disseminated through the writings of
his disciple, the Romanian-born Benjamin Fondane (1898-1944), who
was also a poet, filmmaker and playwright. The two authors provided
one of the earliest and most consistent critical accounts of
Husserlian phenomenology in France. 'The philosophy of tragedy' and
its associated notions of 'revolt' and existential truth had a
lasting impact on a number of prominent writers and philosophers
including Georges Bataille, Andre Gide, Andre Malraux, Albert Camus
and Emmanuel Levinas.
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