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Conquering Heroines - How Women Fought Sex Bias at Michigan and Paved the Way for Title IX (Paperback)
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Conquering Heroines - How Women Fought Sex Bias at Michigan and Paved the Way for Title IX (Paperback)
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In 1970, a group of women in Ann Arbor launched a crusade with an
objective that seemed beyond reach at the time-force the University
of Michigan to treat women the same as men. Sex discrimination was
then rampant at U-M. The school's admissions officials sought to
maintain a ratio of 55:45 between male and female undergraduate
entrants, turning away more qualified female applicants and
arguing, among other things, that men needed help because they were
less mature and posted lower grades. Women comprised less than
seven percent of the University's faculty members and their
salaries trailed their male peers by substantial amounts. As one
administrator put it when pressed about the disparity, 'Men have
better use for the extra money.' Galvanized by their shared
experiences with sex discrimination, the Ann Arbor women organized
a group called FOCUS on Equal Employment for Women, led by activist
Jean Ledwith King. Working with Bernice Sandler of the Women's
Equity Action League, they developed a strategy to unleash the
power of another powerful institution-the federal government-to
demand change at U-M and, they hoped, across the world of higher
education. Prompted by a complaint filed by FOCUS, the U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare soon documented
egregious examples of discrimination in Michigan's practices toward
women and threatened to withhold millions of dollars in contracts
unless the school adopted remedies. Among the hundreds of similar
complaints filed against U.S. colleges in 1970-1971, the one
brought by the Michigan women achieved the breakthrough that
provided the historic template for settlements with other
institutions. Drawing on oral histories from archives as well as
new interviews with living participants, Conquering Heroines
chronicles this pivotal period in the histories of the University
of Michigan and the women's movement. An incredible story of
grassroots activism and courageous women, the book highlights the
kind of relentless effort that has helped make inclusivity an
ongoing goal at U-M.
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