Theodor Herzl had been a successful Viennese journalist and a less
successful playwright with no political ambitions. That changed in
1896, when he published The Jewish State. The following year he
convened a Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland. The Congress
founded the Zionist Organization in order to establish a national
home for the Jewish people in Palestine, recognized and guaranteed
by public international law. As Herzl transformed himself in just a
few years from writer and editor into the leader of an
international political movement, he learned politics and diplomacy
on the run--and to great effect. In his efforts to gain broad
support for his vision, Herzl met with the Ottoman sultan; the
German emperor; the king of Italy; the pope; British, Russian, and
German ministers; as well as a great number of other government and
public opinion leaders of many European countries. By the time of
his early death in 1904 at the age of forty-four, Herzl had
transformed Jewish public discourse and made the idea of a Return
to Zion into a reality, albeit still a weak one, in international
politics.
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