Delivering Aid examines local welfare practices, policies, and
debates during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in
a diverse collection of western communities including Protestant
cash-crop homesteaders, Catholic Hispanic subsistence farmers,
miners in a dying mining center, residents in a dominant regional
city, Native Americans on an Indian reservation, and farmers and
workers in a stable mixed economy. Krainz investigates how
communities used poor relief, mothers' pensions, blind benefits,
county hospitals, and poor farms, as well as explains the roles
that private charities played in sustaining needy residents.
Delivering Aid challenges existing historical interpretations of
the development of America's welfare state. Most scholars argue
that the Progressive Era was a major transformation in welfare
practices due to new theories about poverty and charity. Yet
drawing on evidence from local county pauper books, Krainz
concludes that by focusing on implementation welfare practices show
little change. Still, assistance varied widely since local
conditions--settlement patterns, economic conditions, environmental
factors, religious practices, existing relief policies, and
decisions by local residents--shaped each community's welfare
strategies and were far more important in determining relief
practices than were new ideas concerning poverty.
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