As the quantity and quality of inland water sources decline, more
coastal municipalities are looking at seawater desalination as a
potential source of drinking water. The Long Beach Water Department
(LBWD) developed an alternative technology to desalt seawater by
using dual-staged nanofiltration (NF2). This novel NF system treats
the first-stage permeate through a second stage in order to produce
finished water with salinity levels that meet drinking water
standards. Three commercially-available NF membranes were selected
for this study based upon their designation as NF membranes by the
manufacturers and their salt rejection characteristics. Results
from the bench-scale evaluation were integrated in a
performance-predicting model, which was subsequently calibrated
against the results obtained with an 8-gpm pilot unit. The
pilot-test plan considered the impact of temperature, pressure, and
array configuration on permeate water quantity and quality. The
percentage of desalinated water that could be blended into LBWD's
distribution system was determined by taking into account the
issues of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation, disinfectant
residual, and corrosivity. Finally, viral challenge tests were
considered to verify the inherent redundancy of the system and the
impact that recycling streams would have on virus accumulation.
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