Municipal Wastewater Management in Developing Countries discusses
various approaches to municipal wastewater management in order to
protect both public health and the environment, with the major
focus being on waterborne diseases. Developing countries can be
divided into two main categories, i.e. countries in transition with
higher growth rates where industrialisation and urbanisation are
taking place rapidly, and countries with slower growth rates. It is
important, therefore, that approaches should be tailor-made and
site-specific. In general, the major trends of water pollution
control have significantly contributed to the development of
?conventional sanitation? approaches in terms of legal and
financial frameworks, as well as technological enhancement. Despite
advances in the science, engineering and legal frameworks, 95 per
cent of the wastewater in the world is released into the
environment without treatment. Only five per cent of global
wastewater is properly treated using the ?standard? sanitation
facilities, mainly in developed countries. As a result, the
majority of the world?s population is still exposed to waterborne
diseases, and the quality of water resources has been rapidly
degraded, particularly in poor developing countries. The challenge
now is to provide the world?s population, especially the poor, with
adequate water and sanitation facilities. Despite billions of
dollars of investment spent every year, billions of poor people are
still suffering and dying because of poor sanitation. At the
beginning of this century, about 1.1 billion people lived without
access to clean water (compared to about the same number in 1990),
2.4 billion without appropriate sanitation (compared to 2.3 billion
in 1990) and four billion without sound wastewater disposal. The
future scenario, that water resources will be further depleted by a
growing world population, will be coupled with environmental
degradation due to poor pollution control, particularly in most of
the developing countries. In order to address the issue of water
and wastewater management in developing countries it is necessary
to take into consideration the segments of the society itself,
particularly the types of housing areas. The segments will indicate
the level of socio-economic, mentality and knowledge, which is
important for any planned changes in their life style and social
engineering. It is also important to segregate the funding
framework of any proposed projects. High-income urban communities,
for instance, are generally willing to pay for sewerage services
and higher water supply tariffs, therefore a designated system can
be accordingly provided. Over the past 10 years, serious criticism
has been given to the ?conventional sanitation? approach,
consequently many definitions, concepts and characteristics have
been proposed on ?sustainable sanitation?. Sustainable sanitation
is a relevant concept in order to achieve the Millennium
Development Goals by 2015 of providing water supply and adequate
sanitation for developing countries. Sustainable sanitation is
flexible in approach any community ? poor or rich, urban or rural,
water-rich or water-poor country ? and requires lower investment
costs compared to conventional sanitation approaches. It is also
important to note that the framework of sustainable sanitation is
much easier to adopt in developing countries where water supply and
sanitation infrastructures are still in the developing stages. In
some developing countries, no public facilities are available
therefore it is an ideal condition to start a new infrastructure
with a new framework. This comprehensive reference, prepared by
leading international authorities, will provide an invaluable
reference for all those concerned with the management of sanitation
services in developing countries worldwide.
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