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This title was first published in 2002. In State socialist
societies, informal economies were essential for the functioning of
the economy as well as for household provision. Since the beginning
of social transformation they have been flourishing better than
ever before. They are a main outlet on the market for the newly
emerging middle classes, stabilize the situation of many workers
and pensioners, and in countries on the downward slope they are
essential for the survival of large impoverished groups. Presenting
recent research on the social importance of informal economies,
especially in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Russia, the editors
give a short introduction for each country, and a common
compilation of basic economic and social data follows in the
appendix. Household strategies in the 'shadow', groups of informal
winners and losers, informal employment in town and countryside,
outcomes from informal activities, the macro-economic importance of
informal economies, and researching methods are all investigated.
This title was first published in 2002. In State socialist
societies, informal economies were essential for the functioning of
the economy as well as for household provision. Since the beginning
of social transformation they have been flourishing better than
ever before. They are a main outlet on the market for the newly
emerging middle classes, stabilize the situation of many workers
and pensioners, and in countries on the downward slope they are
essential for the survival of large impoverished groups. Presenting
recent research on the social importance of informal economies,
especially in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Russia, the editors
give a short introduction for each country, and a common
compilation of basic economic and social data follows in the
appendix. Household strategies in the 'shadow', groups of informal
winners and losers, informal employment in town and countryside,
outcomes from informal activities, the macro-economic importance of
informal economies, and researching methods are all investigated.
This book describes and quantifies the major socioeconomic changes
that have occurred in four new member states of the EU (Slovenia,
Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria) since the early 1990s. The period
covered was a particularly turbulent one, not only because of the
transition process which was well underway but becase of the
stablization packages and other economic, monetary and social
policy measures, which have had a strong impact at individual and
household levels. While previous comparable studies have been
carried out, they cover the period only to the mid 1990s, thus this
book contains unique and very valuable statistical and micro data.
Within the broad framework of socioeconomic change, a number of
topics are explored in greater detail. These include changes in
activity, occupational status and educational attainment, household
income sources and income inequality, and risk of income poverty.
The analysis is based on household budget surveys and complemented
with other statistical sources, enabling a coherent analysis of the
impact of large changes in social policy at household level. The
country chapters are all based on common methodological guidelines
enabling comparisons to be drawn. This will be an invaluable book
for researchers in comparative social policy, poverty and social
stratification and economic sociology, and for specialists on
Central and Eastern Europe.
The VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) provides a standard
machine processable notation for describing hardware. VHDL is the
result of a collaborative effort between IBM, Intermetrics, and
Texas Instruments; sponsored by the Very High Speed Integrated Cir
cuits (VHSIC) program office of the Department of Defense,
beginning in 1981. Today it is an IEEE standard (1076-1987), and
several simulators and other automated support tools for it are
available commercially. By providing a standard notation for
describing hardware, especially in the early stages of the hardware
design process, VHDL is expected to reduce both the time lag and
the cost involved in building new systems and upgrading existing
ones. VHDL is the result of an evolutionary approach to language
devel opment starting with high level hardware description
languages existing in 1981. It has a decidedly programming language
flavor, resulting both from the orientation of hardware languages
of that time, and from a ma jor requirement that VHDL use Ada
constructs wherever appropriate. During the 1980's there has been
an increasing current of research into high level specification
languages for systems, particularly in the software area, and new
methods of utilizing specifications in systems de velopment. This
activity is worldwide and includes, for example, object oriented
design, various rigorous development methods, mathematical
verification, and synthesis from high level specifications. VAL
(VHDL Annotation Language) is a simple further step in the
evolution of hardware description languages in the direction of
applying new methods that have developed since VHDL was designed."
Describing and designing complex electronic systems has become an
overwhelming activit)' for which VHDL is showing increasingly
useful and promising support. Although created as a description
language. VHDL is being increasingly used as a simulatable and
synthcsizablcdcsign language. For the first time, here is abook
which describesa number of unique and powerful ways VHDL can be
used to solve typical design problems in systems ** ones which must
be designed correctly in vcry short periodsoflime. Typically useful
lcchniquessuch as switch-level modeling, mixed analog and digital
modelling, and advanced synthesis for which VHDL
showsgrealpromisearefully presented. Thesemeth* ods are bOlh
immedial.ely applicable. and indicale lIle potential of VHDL in
efficiently modelling Ihe real worldofelectronic systems.
Sinceitsinception.there hasbeen adesireforananalogdescription
languageconsistent with (and integrated with) VHDL. Until recently.
VHDL could onl)' be applied to digital
circuits.ootlhedreamofdescribingandsimulatingmixedanalogand
digitalcircuitsis now a reality as described herein. Describing the
functionality of analog circuits including intetoperability with
digital circuits using the VHDL paradigm is surprisingly easy and
powerful. The approach outlined by the authors presages a
significant advance in the simulation of mixed systems.
Describing and designing complex electronic systems has become an
overwhelming activit)' for which VHDL is showing increasingly
useful and promising support. Although created as a description
language. VHDL is being increasingly used as a simulatable and
synthcsizablcdcsign language. For the first time, here is abook
which describesa number of unique and powerful ways VHDL can be
used to solve typical design problems in systems ** ones which must
be designed correctly in vcry short periodsoflime. Typically useful
lcchniquessuch as switch-level modeling, mixed analog and digital
modelling, and advanced synthesis for which VHDL
showsgrealpromisearefully presented. Thesemeth* ods are bOlh
immedial.ely applicable. and indicale lIle potential of VHDL in
efficiently modelling Ihe real worldofelectronic systems.
Sinceitsinception.there hasbeen adesireforananalogdescription
languageconsistent with (and integrated with) VHDL. Until recently.
VHDL could onl)' be applied to digital
circuits.ootlhedreamofdescribingandsimulatingmixedanalogand
digitalcircuitsis now a reality as described herein. Describing the
functionality of analog circuits including intetoperability with
digital circuits using the VHDL paradigm is surprisingly easy and
powerful. The approach outlined by the authors presages a
significant advance in the simulation of mixed systems.
The VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) provides a standard
machine processable notation for describing hardware. VHDL is the
result of a collaborative effort between IBM, Intermetrics, and
Texas Instruments; sponsored by the Very High Speed Integrated Cir
cuits (VHSIC) program office of the Department of Defense,
beginning in 1981. Today it is an IEEE standard (1076-1987), and
several simulators and other automated support tools for it are
available commercially. By providing a standard notation for
describing hardware, especially in the early stages of the hardware
design process, VHDL is expected to reduce both the time lag and
the cost involved in building new systems and upgrading existing
ones. VHDL is the result of an evolutionary approach to language
devel opment starting with high level hardware description
languages existing in 1981. It has a decidedly programming language
flavor, resulting both from the orientation of hardware languages
of that time, and from a ma jor requirement that VHDL use Ada
constructs wherever appropriate. During the 1980's there has been
an increasing current of research into high level specification
languages for systems, particularly in the software area, and new
methods of utilizing specifications in systems de velopment. This
activity is worldwide and includes, for example, object oriented
design, various rigorous development methods, mathematical
verification, and synthesis from high level specifications. VAL
(VHDL Annotation Language) is a simple further step in the
evolution of hardware description languages in the direction of
applying new methods that have developed since VHDL was designed."
This book describes and quantifies the major socioeconomic changes
that have occurred in four new member states of the EU (Slovenia,
Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria) since the early 1990s. The period
covered was a particularly turbulent one, not only because of the
transition process which was well underway but becase of the
stablization packages and other economic, monetary and social
policy measures, which have had a strong impact at individual and
household levels. While previous comparable studies have been
carried out, they cover the period only to the mid 1990s, thus this
book contains unique and very valuable statistical and micro data.
Within the broad framework of socioeconomic change, a number of
topics are explored in greater detail. These include changes in
activity, occupational status and educational attainment, household
income sources and income inequality, and risk of income poverty.
The analysis is based on household budget surveys and complemented
with other statistical sources, enabling a coherent analysis of the
impact of large changes in social policy at household level. The
country chapters are all based on common methodological guidelines
enabling comparisons to be drawn. This will be an invaluable book
for researchers in comparative social policy, poverty and social
stratification and economic sociology, and for specialists on
Central and Eastern Europe.
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