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Microbes and their biosynthetic capabilities have been invaluable
in finding solutions for several intractable problems mankind has
encountered in maintaining the quality of the environment. They
have, for example, been used to positive effect in human and animal
health, genetic engineering, environmental protection, and
municipal and industrial waste treatment. Microorganisms have
enabled feasible and cost-effective responses which would have been
impossible via straightforward chemical or physical engineering
methods. Microbial technologies have of late been applied to a
range of environmental problems, with considerable success. This
survey of recent scientific progress in usefully applying microbes
to both environmental management and biotechnology is informed by
acknowledgement of the polluting effects on the world around us of
soil erosion, the unwanted migration of sediments, chemical
fertilizers and pesticides, and the improper treatment of human and
animal wastes. These harmful phenomena have resulted in serious
environmental and social problems around the world, problems which
require us to look for solutions elsewhere than in established
physical and chemical technologies. Often the answer lies in hybrid
applications in which microbial methods are combined with physical
and chemical ones. When we remember that these highly effective
microorganisms, cultured for a variety of applications, are but a
tiny fraction of those to be found in the world around us, we
realize the vastness of the untapped and beneficial potential of
microorganisms. At present, comprehending the diversity of hitherto
uncultured microbes involves the application of metagenomics, with
several novel microbial species having been discovered using
culture-independent approaches. Edited by recognized leaders in the
field, this penetrating assessment of our progress to date in
deploying microorganisms to the advantage of environmental
management and biotechnology will be widely welcomed.
This review of recent developments in our understanding of the role
of microbes in sustainable agriculture and biotechnology covers a
research area with enormous untapped potential. Chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and other agricultural inputs
derived from fossil fuels have increased agricultural production,
yet growing awareness and concern over their adverse effects on
soil productivity and environmental quality cannot be ignored. The
high cost of these products, the difficulties of meeting demand for
them, and their harmful environmental legacy have encouraged
scientists to develop alternative strategies to raise productivity,
with microbes playing a central role in these efforts. One
application is the use of soil microbes as bioinoculants for
supplying nutrients and/or stimulating plant growth. Some
rhizospheric microbes are known to synthesize plant
growth-promoters, siderophores and antibiotics, as well as aiding
phosphorous uptake. The last 40 years have seen rapid strides made
in our appreciation of the diversity of environmental microbes and
their possible benefits to sustainable agriculture and production.
The advent of powerful new methodologies in microbial genetics,
molecular biology and biotechnology has only quickened the pace of
developments. The vital part played by microbes in sustaining our
planet's ecosystems only adds urgency to this enquiry.
Culture-dependent microbes already contribute much to human life,
yet the latent potential of vast numbers of uncultured-and thus
untouched-microbes, is enormous. Culture-independent metagenomic
approaches employed in a variety of natural habitats have alerted
us to the sheer diversity of these microbes, and resulted in the
characterization of novel genes and gene products. Several new
antibiotics and biocatalysts have been discovered among
environmental genomes and some products have already been
commercialized. Meanwhile, dozens of industrial products currently
formulated in large quantities from petrochemicals, such as
ethanol, butanol, organic acids, and amino acids, are equally
obtainable through microbial fermentation. Edited by a trio of
recognized authorities on the subject, this survey of a fast-moving
field-with so many benefits within reach-will be required reading
for all those investigating ways to harness the power of
microorganisms in making both agriculture and biotechnology more
sustainable.
This review of recent developments in our understanding of the
role of microbes in sustainable agriculture and biotechnology
covers a research area with enormous untapped potential. Chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and other agricultural inputs
derived from fossil fuels have increased agricultural production,
yet growing awareness and concern over their adverse effects on
soil productivity and environmental quality cannot be ignored. The
high cost of these products, the difficulties of meeting demand for
them, and their harmful environmental legacy have encouraged
scientists to develop alternative strategies to raise productivity,
with microbes playing a central role in these efforts. One
application is the use of soil microbes as bioinoculants for
supplying nutrients and/or stimulating plant growth. Some
rhizospheric microbes are known to synthesize plant
growth-promoters, siderophores and antibiotics, as well as aiding
phosphorous uptake.
The last 40 years have seen rapid strides made in our
appreciation of the diversity of environmental microbes and their
possible benefits to sustainable agriculture and production. The
advent of powerful new methodologies in microbial genetics,
molecular biology and biotechnology has only quickened the pace of
developments. The vital part played by microbes in sustaining our
planet's ecosystems only adds urgency to this enquiry.
Culture-dependent microbes already contribute much to human life,
yet the latent potential of vast numbers of uncultured-and thus
untouched-microbes, is enormous. Culture-independent metagenomic
approaches employed in a variety of natural habitats have alerted
us to the sheer diversity of these microbes, and resulted in the
characterization of novel genes and gene products. Several new
antibiotics and biocatalysts have been discovered among
environmental genomes and some products have already been
commercialized. Meanwhile, dozens of industrial products currently
formulated in large quantities from petrochemicals, such as
ethanol, butanol, organic acids, and amino acids, are equally
obtainable through microbial fermentation. Edited by a trio of
recognized authorities on the subject, this survey of a fast-moving
field-with so many benefits within reach-will be required reading
for all those investigating ways to harness the power of
microorganisms in making both agriculture and biotechnology more
sustainable."
Microbes and their biosynthetic capabilities have been
invaluable in finding solutions for several intractable problems
mankind has encountered in maintaining the quality of the
environment. They have, for example, been used to positive effect
in human and animal health, genetic engineering, environmental
protection, and municipal and industrial waste treatment.
Microorganisms have enabled feasible and cost-effective responses
which would have been impossible via straightforward chemical or
physical engineering methods. Microbial technologies have of late
been applied to a range of environmental problems, with
considerable success.
This survey of recent scientific progress in usefully applying
microbes to both environmental management and biotechnology is
informed by acknowledgement of the polluting effects on the world
around us of soil erosion, the unwanted migration of sediments,
chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and the improper treatment of
human and animal wastes. These harmful phenomena have resulted in
serious environmental and social problems around the world,
problems which require us to look for solutions elsewhere than in
established physical and chemical technologies. Often the answer
lies in hybrid applications in which microbial methods are combined
with physical and chemical ones. When we remember that these highly
effective microorganisms, cultured for a variety of applications,
are but a tiny fraction of those to be found in the world around
us, we realize the vastness of the untapped and beneficial
potential of microorganisms. At present, comprehending the
diversity of hitherto uncultured microbes involves the application
of metagenomics, with several novel microbial species having been
discovered using culture-independent approaches. Edited by
recognized leaders in the field, this penetrating assessment of our
progress to date in deploying microorganisms to the advantage of
environmental management and biotechnology will be widely
welcomed."
Plants are prone to two types of stresses namely biotic and abiotic
stresses. Among abiotic stresses, environmental stresses viz.
drought, high salinity and low temperature are important which
cause adverse effects on the growth and development of plants.
Abiotic environmental stresses are the important factors
responsible for low productivity of crops. DREB1A gene has been
shown mainly to resist the effect of low temperature whereas DREB2A
gene has been found to resist the effect of drought in plants.
Therefore, present work on DREB1A and DREB2A genes is a key and
fundamental work for improvement in agricultural productivity and
to reveal the responsive mechanism of plants to adverse
environmental stresses and enhances the ability of crops to
tolerate abiotic stresses. The present work is directly related to
fulfil the food needs for increasing population Globally. In this
monograph, we have discussed about the primer designing in general
and specifically for DREB1A and DREB2A genes, an approach to know
whether a plant is drought resistant and/or low temperature
resistant.
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