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Health Economics: An International Perspective is the only textbook
to provide a truly international, comparative treatment of health
economics. Offering an analysis of health systems across borders,
the fourth edition of this key text has been updated and revised to
take account of changes in a host of countries. This edition
features an expanded introduction, providing better grounding for
many of the examples that come in subsequent chapters and making it
easier for non-health care experts to see the links between the
theory, the examples and the health care system components. It also
boasts a restructured format, dividing the book into two broad
sections: the first focuses on ideas and principles, along with
evidence on their applications in the health sector, whereas the
second focuses on introducing core tools and techniques used in
applied health economics research. Further updates to this edition
include: two new chapters on applied econometrics; a new chapter on
equity, focusing on equity in access to health care, paying
particular attention to how access and need for health care are
defined and measured in applied research; a new chapter on emerging
issues for health systems that are emanating from a series of
global transitions both within (e.g. demographic change,
epidemiological change, the global resolution on universal health
coverage) and without the health sector (e.g. economic
transitions). Throughout the text, examples and illustrations are
taken from a wide range of settings and world regions, providing a
unique overview of the performance of different health systems.
Health Economics: An International Perspective is the only textbook
to provide a truly international, comparative treatment of health
economics. Offering an analysis of health systems across borders,
the fourth edition of this key text has been updated and revised to
take account of changes in a host of countries. This edition
features an expanded introduction, providing better grounding for
many of the examples that come in subsequent chapters and making it
easier for non-health care experts to see the links between the
theory, the examples and the health care system components. It also
boasts a restructured format, dividing the book into two broad
sections: the first focuses on ideas and principles, along with
evidence on their applications in the health sector, whereas the
second focuses on introducing core tools and techniques used in
applied health economics research. Further updates to this edition
include: two new chapters on applied econometrics; a new chapter on
equity, focusing on equity in access to health care, paying
particular attention to how access and need for health care are
defined and measured in applied research; a new chapter on emerging
issues for health systems that are emanating from a series of
global transitions both within (e.g. demographic change,
epidemiological change, the global resolution on universal health
coverage) and without the health sector (e.g. economic
transitions). Throughout the text, examples and illustrations are
taken from a wide range of settings and world regions, providing a
unique overview of the performance of different health systems.
The formation of health professionals is critical for the health
system to function and to achieve its universal health coverage
(UHC) goals, and this is well recognized by the majority of
governments that plan to ensure enough training places and aim to
regulate in order to ensure quality. But the importance of market
forces is often overlooked, resulting in interventions and
regulations that often fail to achieve their intended effects. This
publication aims to inform the design of health professionals'
education policies to better manage health labor market forces
toward UHC. It documents what is known about the influence of
market forces on the health-professional formation process. The
report sought to answer the following questions: What have been the
large global and regional trends in the development of health
professions? How have these trends affected the career decisions of
current and potential health professionals? What is the evidence
base on the value and effectiveness of health professional
education of different types? How has the market for health
professional education evolved, and with what interrelationships
with the health labor and health care markets? The contexts of the
market for health professional training have been subject to
important changes in recent decades, in particular: the growing
extent of employment of mid-level cadres of health professionals;
changes in technology and the associated growth of high skilled
occupations; the increasing interconnectedness of national health
systems through globalization, with its implications for
international health professional mobility; and the greater
complexity of the public-private mix in employment options. There
is a need to ensure that market forces align with the intentions of
planning and regulation and the needs of UHC goals. This
publication provides recommendations to support the design of
policies that help to achieve these.
This publication is part of the Bank's multiyear program to enhance
its knowledge of HRH policies. The program's ultimate objective is
to strengthen knowledge and capacity to collect evidence, analyse,
and evaluate the effectiveness of HRH interventions in the context
of a country's health system strengthening strategy. It
specifically addresses the theoretical and empirical evidence on
health labour markets in low- and middle-income countries. Health
labour market analysis has much to contribute to resolving globally
widespread HRH problems, and their continuing neglect provides some
explanation for their persistence. Policy makers in countries
promulgating or refining strategies for achieving universal health
coverage will find it important to understand how key elements in
their health labour market are likely to interact and how these
interactions could help - or hinder - progress toward universal
health coverage. These interactions are complex and
multidimensional, and this publication highlights some areas where
forces in the health labour market matter most. The purpose of this
publication is to provide an overview of the key issues when
attempting to apply economics to the analysis of health workers'
labour markets. Though much has been written and planned about
health human resources, a major weakness with most of this analysis
is that it does not use an economic perspective. The use of an
explicit economic framework applied by trained economists moves the
focus away from simplistic but costly policy responses such as
training more doctors and nurses, toward understanding more
carefully the role of incentives, productivity, and the
distribution of health workers. The health workforce is but one
part of the health system and a focus of analysis on only the
health workforce is insufficient to be able to determine the
optimal number of health workers. Market forces cannot be relied
upon to solve health worker shortages or mal-distribution, due to
well recognized market failures in health care. This also has
implications for how labour economics and labour market analysis
can be applied and used successfully in the health care sector.
The thesis discusses health financing policy, introducing or
enhancing direct payment for health services in low income
countries from a viewpoint of equity through theoretical and
empirical economic analysis using the case of urban Zambia. It
analyses equity implications of alternative direct payment
mechanisms to user fee. These alternative payment mechanisms are
compared with the theory of consumer's choice in an econometric
framework. Two theoretical models: demand for alternative payment
mechanisms and demand for health services under chosen direct
payment mechanisms, are elaborated applying expected utility theory
and the law of demand, respectively. These models illustrate the
effects of fee schedule, income, perceived health status and
perceived quality of care on consumer's demand for health services.
These demand models also predict the theoretical equity
implications of alternative payment mechanisms. These theoretical
explorations are empirically tested with data from the study field.
New ideas on the role of the state in developing countries have
considerable implications for the social sectors, especially
health. Certain international organizations have advocated a larger
role for private sector health care providers and many developing
country governments have adopted this approach. Yet, until now,
very little evidence has existed about how shifting the balance
between public and private roles might affect equity, and the
quality and efficiency of health care. This book presents the
results from a coordinated programme of research on the private
health care sector including studies carried out by Asian, African
and Latin American researchers. The conceptual chapters draw upon
both industrialized and developing country literature to describe
the intellectual terrain, analyse the key issues and summarize
experience to date. This book will help increase understanding of
the private sector, as well as illustrating the contentious issues
involved in privatization. It will be useful to students and
academics involved in international public health courses, and to
health policy makers in developing countries.
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