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State of the Art in Computer Graphics Aspects of Visualization This
is the fourth volume derived from a State of . . . the Art in
Computer Graphics Summer Institute. It represents a snapshot of a
number of topics in computer graphics, topics which include
visualization of scientific data; modeling; some aspects of
visualization in virtual reality; and hardware architectures for
visu alization. Many papers first present a background introduction
to the topic, followed by discussion of current work in the topic.
The volume is thus equally suitable for nonspecialists in a
particular area, and for the more experienced researcher in the
field. It also enables general readers to obtain an acquaintance
with a particular topic area sufficient to apply that knowledge in
the context of solving current problems. The volume is organized
into four chapters - Visualization of Data, Modeling, Virtual
Reality Techniques, and Hardware Architectures for Visualization.
In the first chapter, Val Watson and Pamela Walatka address the
visual aspects of fluid dynamic computations. They discuss
algorithms for function-mapped surfaces and cutting planes,
isosurfaces, particle traces, and topology extractions. They point
out that current visualization systems are limited by low
information transfer bandwidth, poor response to viewing and model
accuracy modification requests, mismatches between model rendering
and human cognitive capabilities, and ineffective interactive
tools. However, Watson and Walatka indicate that proposed systems
will correct most of these problems.
In the third paper in this chapter, Mike Pratt provides an
historical intro duction to solid modeling. He presents the
development of the three most freqently used techniques: cellular
subdivision, constructive solid modeling and boundary
representation. Although each of these techniques devel oped more
or less independently, today the designer's needs dictate that a
successful system allows access to all of these methods. For
example, sculptured surfaces are generally represented using a
boundary represen tation. However, the design of a complex vehicle
generally dictates that a sculptured surface representation is most
efficient for the 'skin' while constructive solid geometry
representation is most efficent for the inter nal mechanism. Pratt
also discusses the emerging concept of design by 'feature line'.
Finally, he addresses the very important problem of data exchange
between solid modeling systems and the progress that is being made
towards developing an international standard. With the advent of
reasonably low cost scientific workstations with rea sonable to
outstanding graphics capabilities, scientists and engineers are
increasingly turning to computer analysis for answers to
fundamental ques tions and to computer graphics for present~tion of
those answers. Although the current crop of workstations exhibit
quite impressive computational ca pability, they are still not
capable of solving many problems in a reasonable time frame, e. g.
, executing computational fluid dynamics and finite element codes
or generating complex ray traced or radiosity based images. In the
sixth chapter Mike Muuss of the U. S.
Reviews 8 key areas which are focal points for current de-
velopments. Theseare Design, Modeling, Image Generatiion,
Workstations, VLSI, HCI, Graphics Standards, and Electronic
Documentation.
Today one of the hardest parts of computer aided design or analysis
is first modeling the design, then recording and verifying it. For
example, a typical vehicle such as a tank, automobile, ship or
aircraft might be composed of tens of thousands of individual
parts. Many of these parts are composed of cylinders, flats, and
simple conic curves and surfaces such as are amenable to modeling
using a constructive solid geometry (CSG) approach. However,
especially with the increasing use of composite materials, many
parts are designed using sculp tured surfaces. A marriage of these
two techniques in now critical to continued development of computer
aided design and analysis. Further, the graphical user interfaces
used in most modeling systems are at best barely adequate to the
required task. Critical work on these interfaces is required to
continue pushing back the frontiers. Similarly, once the design is
modeled, how are the varied and diverse pieces stored, retrieved,
and modified? How are physical interferences prevented or
eliminated? Although considerable progress has been made, there are
still more questions and frustrations than answers. One of the
fundamental problems of the 1990s is and will continue to be
modeling. The second problem is interpretation. With the ever
increasing computational power available, our ability to generate
data far exceeds our ability to interpret, understand, and utilize
that data.
In the third paper in this chapter, Mike Pratt provides an
historical intro duction to solid modeling. He presents the
development of the three most freqently used techniques: cellular
subdivision, constructive solid modeling and boundary
representation. Although each of these techniques devel oped more
or less independently, today the designer's needs dictate that a
successful system allows access to all of these methods. For
example, sculptured surfaces are generally represented using a
boundary represen tation. However, the design of a complex vehicle
generally dictates that a sculptured surface representation is most
efficient for the 'skin' while constructive solid geometry
representation is most efficent for the inter nal mechanism. Pratt
also discusses the emerging concept of design by 'feature line'.
Finally, he addresses the very important problem of data exchange
between solid modeling systems and the progress that is being made
towards developing an international standard. With the advent of
reasonably low cost scientific workstations with rea sonable to
outstanding graphics capabilities, scientists and engineers are
increasingly turning to computer analysis for answers to
fundamental ques tions and to computer graphics for present~tion of
those answers. Although the current crop of workstations exhibit
quite impressive computational ca pability, they are still not
capable of solving many problems in a reasonable time frame, e. g.
, executing computational fluid dynamics and finite element codes
or generating complex ray traced or radiosity based images. In the
sixth chapter Mike Muuss of the U. S.
State of the Art in Computer Graphics Aspects of Visualization This
is the fourth volume derived from a State of . . . the Art in
Computer Graphics Summer Institute. It represents a snapshot of a
number of topics in computer graphics, topics which include
visualization of scientific data; modeling; some aspects of
visualization in virtual reality; and hardware architectures for
visu alization. Many papers first present a background introduction
to the topic, followed by discussion of current work in the topic.
The volume is thus equally suitable for nonspecialists in a
particular area, and for the more experienced researcher in the
field. It also enables general readers to obtain an acquaintance
with a particular topic area sufficient to apply that knowledge in
the context of solving current problems. The volume is organized
into four chapters - Visualization of Data, Modeling, Virtual
Reality Techniques, and Hardware Architectures for Visualization.
In the first chapter, Val Watson and Pamela Walatka address the
visual aspects of fluid dynamic computations. They discuss
algorithms for function-mapped surfaces and cutting planes,
isosurfaces, particle traces, and topology extractions. They point
out that current visualization systems are limited by low
information transfer bandwidth, poor response to viewing and model
accuracy modification requests, mismatches between model rendering
and human cognitive capabilities, and ineffective interactive
tools. However, Watson and Walatka indicate that proposed systems
will correct most of these problems.
Today one of the hardest parts of computer aided design or analysis
is first modeling the design, then recording and verifying it. For
example, a typical vehicle such as a tank, automobile, ship or
aircraft might be composed of tens of thousands of individual
parts. Many of these parts are composed of cylinders, flats, and
simple conic curves and surfaces such as are amenable to modeling
using a constructive solid geometry (CSG) approach. However,
especially with the increasing use of composite materials, many
parts are designed using sculp tured surfaces. A marriage of these
two techniques in now critical to continued development of computer
aided design and analysis. Further, the graphical user interfaces
used in most modeling systems are at best barely adequate to the
required task. Critical work on these interfaces is required to
continue pushing back the frontiers. Similarly, once the design is
modeled, how are the varied and diverse pieces stored, retrieved,
and modified? How are physical interferences prevented or
eliminated? Although considerable progress has been made, there are
still more questions and frustrations than answers. One of the
fundamental problems of the 1990s is and will continue to be
modeling. The second problem is interpretation. With the ever
increasing computational power available, our ability to generate
data far exceeds our ability to interpret, understand, and utilize
that data.
Global problems require global information, which satellites can
now provide. With ever more sophisticated control methods being
developed for infectious diseases, our ability to map spatial and
temporal variation in risk is more important than ever. Only then
may we plan control campaigns and deliver novel interventions and
remedies where the need is greatest, and sustainable success is
most likely. This book presents a comprehensive guide to using the
very latest methods of surveillance from satellites, including
analysing spatial data within geographical information systems,
interpreting complex biological patterns, and predicting risk both
today and as it may change in the future. Of all infectious disease
systems, those that involve free-living invertebrate vectors or
intermediate hosts are most susceptible to changing environmental
conditions, and have hitherto received most attention from the
marriage of analytical biology with this new space technology.
Accordingly, this volume presents detailed case studies on malaria,
African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), tick-borne infections
and helminths (worms). For those who are unfamiliar with this
science, and unsure how to start, the book ends with a chapter of
practical advice on where to seek hands-on instruction. The lessons
to be learned from these studies are applicable to many other
epidemiological and ecological problems that face us today, most
significantly the preservation of the world's biodiversity.
Key Features
* Only book to provide a synthesis of complex biology, quantitative
analysis, space technology and practical applications, focused on
solving real epidemiological problems on a global scale
* Broad scope, with methods relevant to subjects ranging from
biodiversity to public health
* Practical advice on relevant courses
* 24 pages of colour plates
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