Infrastructure provision remains the definitive measure of development around the world, yet engineers often only get involved in the creation of infrastructure after the important planning decisions have already been made. This is an introduction to the principles and procedures necessary for infrastructure planning in rapidly developing regions. It covers the technical methods required in planning for infrastructure provision from base-line studies and problem definition through to the specification for a set of projects. The book also discusses the political factors that affect the decision making process and demonstrates, through case studies, how the technical and political perspectives come together in the finished plan.

the present book entitled "variation in occurrence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi" clearly indicated the existence of variation in their occurrence, association and diversity in Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species with respect to different group of crops viz., cereals, pulses, spices and vegetables studied during kharif and rabi season.AM symbiosis is the oldest, most important and ubiquitously associated with the large majority of plant families in different ecosystem across the world, ranging from the tropic or arctic alpine habitats to masic and arid habits.AM fungi benefit their host principally by increasing uptake of relatively immobile phosphate ion, nutrients such as zinc, phosphorus and copper. Its transport and absorption can also increase biomass production in soil with low potassium, calcium and magnesium.Other benefit to the host that have been identified include: improved drought resistance, increased tolerance to salinity and heavy metals, increased resistance to soil pathogens and folior feeding insects

Wireless sensor networks offer various novel applications. Sensor nodes are the simplest devices in the Wireless sensor network but have an important place in meeting environmental challenges when incorporated with applications in multiple fields.Wireless sensor are networks of smart nodes that sense and also have potential to control the resources if programmed so. Reliability for sensor node applications plays a major role in a wireless sensor network. Our experiment based on a malicious sensor node for finding the effect on the technical efficiency of the node processor having auto correlation problem formed by altering the code of the application for the node. Result confirms that an alteration in the code of the application for the node severely affects the technical efficiency of the node processor.

This project is very useful in industries to eliminate the harmonics. In any industries like thermal power plant, hydral power plant the producing supply is 50 hz frequency a.c supply purely sinusoidal, but it is reached to our home its become multiple frequency and it creates a harmonics. using this project we can eliminate the harmonics at the supply it self, it is possible to reduce the harmonics at the supply level.because of harmonics lot of losses are developed, because of this losses reliability is reduced, device life time will be reduces so by using the active power filter we can reduce the harmonics and maintain power factor unity. here we are using the hysteresis current controlled technique to generate the gating signals to turn on the inverter then inverter acts as a filter than it produces some compensating currents to canceled out the harmonics.

Multimillion dollar poultry industry, always face the threats from emerging/ re-emerging poultry diseases. A major element of disease resistance is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and has regions i.e. B-F, B-L and B-G. BF2 is a predominantly expressed class I gene. Red jungle fowl (RJF) is the sole ancestor of all the present day chicken. The divergence between RJF and domestic chicken is presumed to have originated some 8000 years back. During the 8000 years, the chicken genome has undergone tremendous changes due to intentional selection. There is a general consensus among the animal breeders that many traits/alleles, especially related to adaptability are lost during intense selection. Hence, comparative genomic studies of the RJF and its present day domesticated descendents would answer many of these apprehensions on unequivocal terms. Hence, our aim is to characterize the BF2 gene in RJF.

Scale up is generally defined as the process of increasing batch size. In process scale up a formula is transformed into a viable, robust product by the development of a reliable and practical method of manufacturing that effect the orderly transition from laboratory to routine processing in a full-scale production facility. It must include a close examination of the formula to determine its ability to withstand batch-scale and process modification. So process scale up of Metformin HCL tablet includes Trial Batches, Exhibit Batches and Validation Batch. After these batches produce large scale up Metformin HCL Tablets. During the scale up process controls are evaluated, valuated and finalized in addition, appropriate records and report are issued to support good manufacturing practices and to provide the historical development of the production, formulation, process equipments train, and specification.

Validation is defined as the establishing of documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a planned process will consistently perform according to the intended specified outcomes. Validation studies are performed for analytical tests, equipment, facility systems such as air, water, steam, and for processes such as the manufacturing processes, cleaning, sterilization, sterile filling, lyophilization, etc. There will be a separate validation for the lyophilizer as an equipment item and for the lyophilization process; for the cleaning of glassware and the cleaning of the facility; and for the sterilization process and for the sterility test. Every step of the process of manufacture of a drug product must be shown to perform as intended. Validation studies verify the system under test under the extremes expected during the process to prove that the system remains in control. Once the system or process has been validated, it is expected that it remains in control, provided no changes are made. In the event that modifications are made, or problems occur, or equipment is replaced or relocated, revalidation is performed.

Photovoltaics are one of the essentials for future energy requirements for sure but in the present time bulky silicon based cells are also asking to be replaced with some new technologies. Organic solar cells are one of the answers. We need to model these devices accurately so that we may precisely understand the obstacles in further development of these cells. This book explains various aspects of organic solar cell modelling.

Today in biotechnology large number of research is going on and most of them basically related with improving any variety of plant or animal by inserting a foreign gene with economically important characteristics but sometimes it can be improve by increase gene product or making product storage to a particular body part or product . All such things can be done only if we use a specific DNA sequence called promoter. In simple words promoter is as important as clutch during starting a bike along with kick. Promoter can be located near or within the coding region and help in initiating transcription, determining the level and place of gene where it is going to express. This book provide a vast knowledge of promoter under simple and short topics specially related to promoter role in transcription, promoter types and regulation of promoter by various factors along with evolutionary importance of promoter.

The CAPM model which was developed by Sharpe (1964), Lintner (1965), and Black (1972) was largely supported by Black, Jensen and Scholes (1972), Fama and Macbeth (1973) and Blume and Friend (1973). Later this method was questioned on various grounds. Our book mainly focuses on the estimation of 19 PSBs and PSFIs returns for the period of 1998-2010 using the CAPM frame work. Further this paper compares the CAPM returns with that of the Annual Market Returns (AMR). We have selected these PSBs and PSFs on the basis of the companies quoted in the BSE stock Exchange in India for the period 1998-2010. The study states that most of the companies scrips are undervalued and have not rewarded the investors properly.

Science is an art of living being and engineering are sub-branches of science.By the use of scientific knowledge at the nano-scale phenomenon and by the application of engineering at the nano-scale we are able to design nano-devices, nano-machines etc. In earlier days biology was applicable only in medicine field. Today there is a need to start the program from biological and engineering students to take active part in nano-science. By the application of nano-science we can save human life. From few years there is an great achievement in the living and educational standard in society by the implications of Nano-science and Nano-Technology. Nano-science is in great demand due to an interdisciplinary area, inter and intra engineering, physics, medicine and basic sciences. Is it really a connection between nano-science engineering and human being.Applications of nano-science and nanotechnology are in every area of daily life.

With the advent of miniaturization in communication electronics frequency independent antenna has inherent property like light weight, low volume, conformability, planar configuration. High gain, low mismatch, low radiation loss, wide bandwidth and narrow beam width. Its wide range of application such as satellite communication, point-to-point communication, high speed, space vehicles etc. Narrow bandwidth is the only drawback of the log-periodic antenna and it limits their wide spread use. To overcome its inherent limitation of narrow impedance bandwidth, many techniques have been developed for improving bandwidth. An attempt has been made to enhance the bandwidth of the traditional LPA by using some techniques. The design investigation of trapezoidal tooth log-periodic antenna, planar log-periodic antenna, folded slot LPA, active microstrip LPA and wire folded LPA is presented different frequencies. Single layer structure with wideband operation is also analyzed in the present work.

The 21th century has been called century of biotechnology. It is the field at the cutting edge of science. The exponential increase in the quantity of scientific information and the rate, at which new discoveries were made, requires very elaborate, interdisciplinary and update information and their understanding. DNA Sequencing and Gene Cloning - An introduction covers various topics related with DNA sequencing and amplification in vivo and in vitro, updated knowledge of types of DNA sequencing and their applications. In Gene Cloning section it contain all aspects related to it including how gene cloning is important and at which step it is important in molecular project. This book also contains some mathematical conversions which are important for a biology lab. So that this book is very fruitful to all students who like to get information about sequencing and DNA amplification in vitro and in vivo environment.

A new curriculum, and then a book based upon that, always seeks evaluation. The book should not only be attractive and interesting, but also upto the mark with the age level of students, appropriateness of content, relevance, utility, etc. Every new book should be thoroughly evaluated before it is given a place in list of textbook or suggestive readings or after introducing in a course. An exercise for evaluating a textbook has been presented in the current book. For this purpose, a textbook for class IX Mathematics, introduced in schools, has been selected. The study goes through explaining various aspects of evaluating the book. It makes an effort to see the book through the lenses of teachers as well as students. The book looks forward to place teachers not just as mere followers of the book introduced, but as reflectors, too, upon various aspects of the book.

Neurobiology deals with the study of structure and functions of the nervous system. The brain is the most important organ of the nervous system, and it makes us human since it is the seat of our behaviour. Nerve cells (neurons) are the basic building blocks of the nervous system (or the brain) in the same way that elementary atomic particles and forces are the building blocks of physical matter. Neural function depends on the coordinated action of neurons. Therefore, the basic principles and mechanisms of neurophysiological functions from molecular, genomic to cellular-organismal levels form the central theme of the book. Mathematics has been used when considered essential; emphasis is given to the development of qualitative intuitive understanding of complex functions. For understanding the nervous system or the brain it is essential to learn how single cell and molecules in the nervous system function to produce electrical activity. Neuroelectric phenomena have thus been duly emphasized in the text. Pathological, pathophysiological aspects of neurobiological phenomena have also been fairly focused on.