Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS MANAGEMENT A HANDBOOK ADDRESSED PARTICULARLY TO SECRETARIES OF INDUSTRIAL CONCERNS, AND COMMERCIAL STUDENTS BY EDWARD BROWN, F. C. I. S. VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE mRMINGHAM BRANCH OF THE CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF SECRETARIES LECTURER IN SECRETARIAL WORK AND PRACTICE, CITY OF BIRMINGHAM COMMERCIAL COLLEGE LONDON SIR ISAAC PITMAN SONS, LTD. 1930 SIR ISAAC PITMAN SONS, LTD. PITMAN HOUSE, PARKER STREET, KINGSWAY, LONDON, W. C. 2 THE PITMAN PRESS, BATH PITMAN HOUHF, LITTLE COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE ASSOCIATED COMPANIES PITMAN PUBLISHING CORPORATION 2 WKST 45TH STREET, NEW YORK 2O5 WEST MONKOE STREET, CHICAGO SIR ISAAC PITMAN SONS CANADA, LTD. INCORPORATING THE COMMERCIAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY PITMAN HOUSE, . Sl-jSj CHURCH STREET, TORONTO MADE IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE PITMAN PRESS, BATH C9 B. 342 PREFACE THIS book has been written in an endeavour to deal from a practical standpoint with the day-to day problems which arise in the life of the man who is called upon to organize and control the commercial side of an industrial company of medium size not so large, on the one hand, as to require a highly skilled specialist in charge of each department, nor so small, on the other hand, as to be capable of management by personal and visual methods without any formal or written systems worth mentioning. In writing it I have had in mind primarily the secretary who is called upon to act more or less officially as commercial manager of his company, and there are very many in medium-size concerns but I hope that it will be found equally helpful by business managers of other types, and also by students, many of whom have little opportunity of obtaining practical knowledge of commercial officeroutine. It may perhaps be thought that some of the questions dealt with are of a somewhat elementary character but in my experience it is just the neglect of detail of this description which often spoils the effective working of an otherwise sound scheme, and I have consequently tried to cover the minor points which are so frequently over looked when drawing up a general outline of office control. In order to concentrate on the practical aspect 6 PREFACE of the matter I have drawn most of the illustra tions from my own experience and from the industry in which I have been engaged for many years but the principles involved are equally applicable to most industrial concerns, and the methods indicated can be easily adapted to the requirements of any particular business. E. B. CONTENTS CHAP. rAOF PREFACE ..... 5 I. THE SECRETARY AS ORGANIZER ., 9 II. CORRESPONDENCE . . . - 13 III. ORGANIZATION OF CORRESPONDENCE . l8 IV. CORRESPONDENCE SECRETARIAL AND ESTIMATING DEPARTMENTS . . 22 V. FOLLOWING UP .... 33 VI. FILING ...... 38 VII. THE ORDER DEPARTMENT . . - 45 VIII. DISPATCHING AND INVOICING . . 51 IX. THE ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT . . 58 X. THE BUYING DEPARTMENT . . 72 XI. OUTSIDE REPRESENTATION . . 79 XII. ADVERTISING . . . . .89 XIII. WAGES AND COSTING . . .96 XIV. INSURANCE ..... 107 XV. LABOUR-SAVING DEVICES . . . Il6 XVI. STAFF RELATIONS .... 128 XVII. BOARD MEETINGS .... 138 XVIII. GENERAL MEETINGS .... 145 INDEX ...... 153 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS MANAGEMENT CHAPTER I THE SECRETARY AS ORGANIZER THE subject of Business Management is of great importance to those who have to deal with the administration of manufacturing undertakings and in this work an endeavour is made to outline practicalmethods and suggestions for handling effectively some of the thousand and one questions of detail which arise from day to day in commercial offices...

In these perilous times when the very survival of the human species is at stake, there is a desperate need for wisdom to provide guidance. The sacred literature of the world's major religious traditions is a source for such wisdom, but it has largely been misinterpreted and misunderstood, and, thus, instead of being a source for wisdom, it has been a source for confusion and conflict.

The ancient scriptures, for the most part, were written in a language which is quite different from ordinary language. It is a mythological language, which is symbolic, and therefore its meaning is hidden. In the Bible, for example, there are many narratives that appear to be historical, but they are history that has been mythologized, and therefore their surface meaning is not their real meaning.

Clyde Edward Brown clearly illustrates that the correct interpretation of the world's religious texts would lead to a different concept of religion. Instead of belief in the literal truth of texts that have been misinterpreted, the emphasis would be on having those religious values, such as social and economic justice, which are common to all religions.

Since publication of The Black Loyalist Directory in 1996, the primary component, The Book of Negroes, has become one of the most-cited of American Revolutionary primary sources. This new edition salutes The Book of Negroes by using the original title of this famous accounting of Black freedom. On the surface, The Book of Negroes is a laconic, ledger-style enumeration of 3,000 self-emancipated and free Blacks who departed as part of the British evacuation of Loyalists from New York City in the summer and fall of 1783 for Nova Scotia, England, Germany, and other parts of the world. Created under orders from Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester), Commander-in-Chief of British forces in North America, to placate an angry George Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army (USA), who regarded the Black Loyalists as fugitive slaves, The Book of Negroes is, as Alan Gilbert has observed, a "roll of honor."

Republication on the twenty-fifth anniversary of “Pretends to Be Free” recognizes the signal importance of its sterling presentation of northern self-emancipation. Today, even more than a quarter-century ago, these fugitive slave notices are the best verbal snapshots of enslaved Americans before and during the American Revolution. Through these notices, readers can discover how enslaved blacks chose allegiance during our War for Independence. Replete with a preface by Edward E. Baptist, the leading scholar of slavery and capitalism and director of a massive project aimed at digitalizing every escape notice, and with a new Introduction and teacher’s guide by Graham Hodges, this new edition makes this documentary study more relevant than ever.

During the time of the Second Opium War between Britain and China (1856 60), sailor Edward Brown (about whom little is known) was discharged from a trading vessel in Hong Kong. He was then offered the opportunity to captain a Chinese-crewed ship bound for Wai-how on the west coast, though he was warned that it was a risky enterprise because of the ongoing hostilities. Soon his ship was chased by Chinese pirates and Brown was taken captive for many months in Cochin-China (southern Vietnam). Published in 1861, this engaging account of his captivity, attempts at escape, and eventual return to his livelihood as a mate on a trading ship is told in a lively style, and gives a first-hand account of both a turbulent time in one of the world's most dangerous seas, and the different people and customs he encountered in the course of his enforced time on land.