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With the present issue of Topics in Current Chemistry, the fourth and final volume concluding the mini-series on dendrimer chemistry has appeared. With a focus on the interdisciplinary bridges to neighboring fields, the contributions to this volume focus on coordination, catalysis and self-assembly, nicely balanced by a synthesis-based article on dendritic oligoethers.
Topics in Current Chemistry volume 197, entitled Dendrimers, turned
out to be so attractive to the readers that it was extremely
successful and this encouraged us to continue.In addition, the
first volume was exclusively dedic- ed to dendrimer chemistry,
which covers only a small selection of the topics in this field.
Moreover, the subject dendrimers has undergone a further upturn
since the publication of the first volume.The present volume
Dendrimers II by pioneers in this new research field deals with the
aspects of dendrimers mentioned in the subtitle but also touches on
areas beyond chemistry. What makes dendrimers so attractive that
chemists have difficulty in avoiding them? Virtually every chemist
can contribute to dendrimer chemistry, be it with a certain
synthetic method which is also applicable to dendritic structures,
be it with polymer chemical and analytical methods or
supramolecular aspects such as host/guest interactions.Dendrimers
have developed into an amalgam, into a market place of chemistry in
which all the branches of chemistry organic, inorganic,
physical-chemical, polymer-chemical or analytical chemistry have
come together and stimulate each other.Dendrimers have become a
molecular reaction vessel in the figurative sense. Similarly
biological and material sciences benefit, for dendrimers have
proved to be useful in diagnostics, as a component of thin layers,
in catalysis as well as in nano sciences.This inter-disciplinary
input has stimulated chemistry as a whole in that it has led to the
development of optimized analytical devices."
Following the first two volumes "Dendrimers" (TCC vol. 197) and
"Dendrimers II" (TCC vol. 210), the third volume dealing with this
topic is now appearing in print (the "tetralogy" on dendrimers will
soon be completed with the fourth volume). The present volume
comprises a collection of up-to-date reviews written by renowned
pioneers of research in the dendrimer field, three of whom lectured
at the 1. International Dendrimer Symposium (IDS-1 1999) in
Frankfurt. A focus of this volume is the variety of material
properties of soft and shape-persistent dendrimers. As its
predecessors did, this volume breaks through the frontiers to
neighboring disciplines and, in an interdisciplinary approach,
addresses topics such as polydisperse, hyperbranched macromolecules
(dendritic polymers), the analysis of shape and density by
small-angle scattering techniques, finely dispersed metals
(dendrimers as catalysts), and nanotechnology close to potential
applications.
Dendrimers are a class of highly branched molecules that combine
the properties of polymers and small discrete molecules. One
classified among the exotic molecules of chemistry, dendrimers have
attracted considerable attention in recent years, as their unique
host/guest properties and their capability of being functionalized
in the periphery as well in the core have led to new materials with
a great potential for applications. This volume presents the state
of art in this blossoming area, written by pioneers in the fields.
Covering the synthetic, supramolecular, stereochemical, host/guest
and polymer chemistry of dendritic and hyperbranched molecules,
this volume explains both theoretical and practical aspects,
including chirality reactivity, mechanism, material properties and
biological relevance.
1. P. Knops, N. Sendhoff, H.-B. Mekelburger, F. Voegtle, Bonn/FRG
HighDilution Reactions - New Synthetic Applications 2. A.
Ostrowicki, E. Koepp, F. Voegtle, Bonn/FRG The "Cesium Effect":
Syntheses of Medio- and Macrocyclic Compounds 3. J. Dohm, F.
Voegtle, Bonn/FRG Synthesis of (Strained) Macrocycles by Sulfone
Pyrolysis 4. Q. Meng, M. Hesse, Zurich/Switzerland Ring Closure
Methods in the Synthesis of Macrocyclic Natural Products 5. J.L.
Sessler, A.K. Burrell, Austin, TX/USA Expanded Porphyrins
In this exciting and rapid development reflecting book twelve of
the participants at the Symposium "From Simple Material Systems to
Complex Ones" - "From Information to Structure" give a general view
of todays knowledge with respect to multi-, inter- and
transdisciplinary research in chemistry and science in general. How
to analyse e. g. non-covalent interactions in the case of molecular
recognitions or selfreplication, how to build up e. g. clusters and
self-assembled molecules or how, in general, a knowledge of simple
systems, acquired by the instruments of natural science research
can be transferred to (more) complex systems and be utilized to
improve our understanding, even of society was discussed by experts
on chemical subjects like biochemistry, structure analysis,
supramolecular chemistry and cluster formation up to biophysics,
social sciences and philosophy.
Following the first two volumes "Dendrimers" (TCC vol. 197) and
"Dendrimers II" (TCC vol. 210), the third volume dealing with this
topic is now appearing in print (the "tetralogy" on dendrimers will
soon be completed with the fourth volume). The present volume
comprises a collection of up-to-date reviews written by renowned
pioneers of research in the dendrimer field, three of whom lectured
at the 1. International Dendrimer Symposium (IDS-1 1999) in
Frankfurt. A focus of this volume is the variety of material
properties of soft and shape-persistent dendrimers. As its
predecessors did, this volume breaks through the frontiers to
neighboring disciplines and, in an interdisciplinary approach,
addresses topics such as polydisperse, hyperbranched macromolecules
(dendritic polymers), the analysis of shape and density by
small-angle scattering techniques, finely dispersed metals
(dendrimers as catalysts), and nanotechnology close to potential
applications.
The second volume on dendrimers is again written by pioneers in
the field. Their contributions illuminate the aspects of dendrimers
mentioned in the subtitle, and also touch on areas beyond
chemistry, namely material sciences as well as biological,
medicinal, analytical, and nano aspects.
Dendrimers stand within the focus of quite an interdisciplinary
area of research: Metallodendrimers bring inorganic chemistry into
play. Organic synthesis c- tributes much to the preparation of
dendrimers, which are then studied by various physicochemical
methods such as small angle neutron scattering, photochemistry, and
many others. The relation to macromolecules is straig- forward, but
their routine use in biochemistry, e. g. , as gene transfection
vectors may be less obvious. Al1 these different aspects have been
combined in the Topics tetralogy in order to provide an overview as
broad as possible in this fascinating field of chemistry. The
fourth and final issue in the series starts with a chapter by Chow
on the synthesis of dendritic oligoethers, which represent
polypodands soluble in many solvents. Two contributions deal with
dendrimers based on the "le- than-covalent" bond. While metal
coordination as described in the review by Reinhoudt still employs
rather strong bonds with bond energies close to co- lent bonds,
Zimmerman's overview comprises dendrimers that self-assemble via
weak forces such as hydrogen bonding. Biologic activity is one of
the major topics in Lindhorst's overview of glycodendrimers, which
have become a useful tool for the study of carbohydrate-protein
interactions and multivalency. The article by Hirsch on fullerenes
containing dendrimers provides extensive inf- mation on their
properties as new materials. Finally, function again is a major
topic, when catalysis (van Koten) is achieved using dendrimers.
Dieses Buch - als erstes in deutscher Sprache - gibt eine
Gesamtubersicht uber dendritische Molekule. Ausgehend von der
Definition und Nomenklatur uber Struktur, Synthese, Analytik und
Funktion wird der fachubergreifende Charakter (Organische,
Anorganische, Analytische, Supramolekulare, Physikalische,
Polymer-, Photo- und Biochemie, Physik, Biologie, Pharmazie,
Medizin, Technik) dieser noch jungen Verbindungsklasse deutlich
gemacht. Anwendungen in den Lebenswissenschaften (u. a.
medizinische Diagnostik, Gentransfektion) und den
Materialwissenschaften (z. B. Nanopartikel, Lacke,
Hybridmaterialien, Oberflachen) werden beschrieben.
Unter "Supramolekularer Chemie" versteht man die "Chemie uber das
einzelne Molekul hinaus," das Zusammenwirken mehrerer Molekule.
Molekulare Erkennung und nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen fuhren zu
Molekulaggregaten und -verbanden. Die vorliegende 2. Auflage wurde
an vielen Stellen verbessert und um die Kapitel Calixarene,
Porphyrine als Wirtverbindungen, Langmuir-Blodgett-Filme,
Organische Verbindungen mit nichtlinearen optischen Eigenschaften,
Chemische Sensoren erweitert. Zahlreiche neue Literaturzitate
wurden erganzt."
Der Autor versucht, die Vielfalt der Strukturen und Daten so zu
ordnen, dass bestimmte Molekulgruppen gut aufzufinden sind. Mancher
Abschnitt wurde zum ersten Mal in dieser Form zusammengestellt oder
erscheint erstmals in deutscher Sprache."
Grundlage dieses Bandes sind zum einen Vorlesungen an der
Universitat Bonn, die den Titel "Reizvolle Molekule der Organischen
Chemie", "Moder- ne Methoden, Reaktionen und Strukturen in der
Organischen Chemie", "Neuere Ergebnisse und Probleme der
Organischen Chemie", trugen. Zum anderen zeigte die Resonanz auf
Zeitschriften-Beitrage "Schoene Molekule in der Organischen Chemie"
1), dass dieser Bereich der Chemie und die Art der Vermittlung beim
Leser Anklang fand. Durch die vor kurzem abge- schlossene Synthese
des uIisubstituierten Dodecahedrans und neuere Befunde und
Erkenntnisse an zahlreichen anderen Molekulskeletten {Pagodan,
Dode- cahedran, Cuban, Cuben, [1. 1. 1]Propellan, Biphenylen,
Helicene, Circulene, Troeger-Base . . . } wurde die The atik,
inzwischen noch aktueller. Attraktive Molekule und das "Darumherum"
(Historisches, Synthese, Eigen- schaften, Spektroskopie, Anwendung
. . . ) sind zum Einstieg in die Chemie ebenso gut wie zur
Fortbildung und fur Seminare geeignet. In Streifzugen durch die
Organische Chemie kann- der Stoff lebendig gestaltet und mit
zahlreichen Querverbindungen versehen werden. Das Buch war zunachst
so angekgi, dass auf die Eroerterung einzelner exoti- scher
Molekule im ersten Teil ein zweiter, ebenso langer Teil uber die
Ag- gregation von Molekulen zu "Supramolekularen Strukturen"
folgte. Da dieser "Supramolekularen Chemie" nach der Verleihung der
Nobelpreise 1987 ein groesserer Raum zugestanden werden musste und
da beide Teile zusammen den Rahmen der vorliegenden
Studienbuch-Reihe gesprengt hatten, wurden sie getrennt, so dass
nun zwei annahernd gleich umfangreiche und aufeinan- der
abgestimmte Bande mit den Titeln "Reizvolle Molekule der
Organischen Chemie" und "Supramolekulare Chemie - Eine Einfuhrung"
vorliegen.
Dieses Buch ist aus Vorlesungen an der Universitat Bonn entstanden,
die den Titel "Moderne Methoden, Reaktionen und Strukturen in der
Organischen Chemie," "Neuere Ergebnisse und Probleme der
Organischen Chemie," "Neue Molekiile und Reaktionen der
Organischen, Bioorganischen und Supramolekularen Chemie" trugen.
Das Buch war zunachst so angelegt, daB auf die Erorterung
"Reizvoller Molekiile der Organischen Chemie" im ersten Teil ein
zweiter, ebenso langer Teil iiber die Aggregation "von Molekiilen
zu supramolekularen Strukturen" folgte. Da der Supramolekulareo
Cbemie nach der Verleihung der Chemie-Nobelpreise 1987 ein groBerer
Raum zugestanden werden muBte, der gesamte Stoff aber den Rahmen
der vorliegenden Studienbucb-Reihe gesprengt batte, wurde er
geteiIt, so daB nun zwei annahernd gleich umfangreiche und
aufeinander abgestimmte Bande mit den Titeln "Reizvolle Molekiile
der Orgaoiscbeo Cbemie" und "Supramolekulare Cbemie - Eioe
Eiofiibruog" vorliegen werden. Leider muBten wegen der
Beschrlinkung der Seitenzahl weitere vorbereitete Abschnitte
entfallen. Die Behandlung des Phthalocvanins am Ende des Bandes
"Reizvolle Molekiile der Organischen Chemie" leitet zum
vorliegenden Band "Supramolekulare Chemie" iiber, wahrend das
Bjpvrjdjn am Anfang der "Supramolekularen Chemie" die
Molekiil-Thematik des zugehorigen Bandes "Reizvolle MolekiiIe ... "
aufgreift und zu den supramolekularen Strukturen weiterentwickeIt.
Wahrend im Band "Reizvolle Molekiile der Organischen Chemie" das
einzelne Molekiil im Vordergrund der Betrachtung steht, wird im
vorliegenden das Zusammenwirken mehrerer Molekiile, also die
Eigenschaften, Funktionen und Anwendungen von Molekiilaggregaten
und Molekiilverbiiodeo, erortert. Molekulare Erkeoouogspbiioomeoe,
d.h. gezieIte Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wirt- und Gastmolekiilen,
werden an vielen Stellen detailliert behandeIt.
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