This book includes the latest information in the field of organic chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, material science (synthesis, properties, applications) and renewable resources. This book discusses the modification of chitosan films as a way of regulating their transport properties, ozone and its reactions with diene rubbers, antiradical activity of different antioxidants depending on pH and polarity of model system detected by a photochemilumin scence method, the interlayer spacing and elasticity modulus interconnection for nanocomposites polymer/organoclay.

The interest in polymer composites study is due to an even greater degree of their application. The filling by hard disperse particulates or fibres gives to polymers a desirable properties number: increases stiffness, reduces thermal expansion coefficient, rises resistance to yield and fracture toughness and so on. Difficulties in research of structure-properties relationships for polymer composites are due to their structure complexity. So, on the elasticity modulus value besides composition a polymer-filler interaction influences. In other words, it is clear even intuitively that for the complete description of such structurally-complex objects as polymer composites it is necessary to account for three groups of factors, namely, polymeric matrix structure, filler structure and level of interaction between them. Up to now the researches of such kind were carried out within the frameworks of continuous mechanics and thermodynamic conceptions. However, these conceptions application does not allow to describe satisfactorily and all the more to predict such materials properties. As a matter of fact, an experimental data set dictates the choice of either structure physical model for macroscopic properties description.

This book examines topical data on the subject of chemical reactions in different phases of gas, liquid and solid states, such as the classification of polymers in reactivity toward nitrogen oxide; influence of the initiation rate of radicals on the kinetic characteristics of quercetin and dihydroquercetin in the methyl oleate oxidation; supercritical carbon dioxide swelling of polyheteroarylenes synthesised in N-methylpyrrolidone; inhibition of 2-hexenal oxidation by essential oils of ginger, marjoram, juniper berry, black and white pepper; specific properties of some biological composite materials; properties and applications of aminoxyl radicals in polymer chemistry and others.

This book is one of many volumes which presents current research in the study of quantum-chemical calculations of various molecular systems. The research results presented suggest that the development of nanotechnologies will offer new and more effective advancements for the improvement of penicillins, vitamins and catalysts. The results of quantum-chemical calculations of various molecular systems presented here are the first step toward the development of new nanotechnologies.

This book is one of many volumes which presents current research in the study of quantum-chemical calculations of various molecular systems. The research results presented suggest that the development of nanotechnologies will offer new and more effective advancements for the improvement of penicillins, vitamins and catalysts. The results of quantum-chemical calculations of various molecular systems presented here are the first step toward the development of new nanotechnologies.

This book presents current research in the study of quantum-chemical calculations of various molecular systems. The research results presented suggest that the development of nanotechnologies will offer new and more effect advancements for the improvement of penicillins, vitamins and catalysts. The results of quantum-chemical calculations of various molecular systems presented here are the first step toward the development of new nanotechnologies.

This book presents current research in the study of quantum-chemical calculations of various molecular systems. The research results presented suggest that the development of nanotechnologies will offer new and more effect advancements for the improvement of penicillins, vitamins and catalysts. The results of quantum-chemical calculations of various molecular systems presented here are the first step toward the development of new nanotechnologies.

This book presents current research in the study of quantum-chemical calculations of various molecular systems. The research results presented suggest that the development of nanotechnologies will offer new and more effect advancements for the improvement of penicillins, vitamins and catalysts. The results of quantum-chemical calculations of various molecular systems presented here are the first step toward the development of new nanotechnologies.

This book presents and discusses research in the study of chemical and biochemical kinetics -- the science which deals with the changes over time. Topics discussed include the mechanism of catalysis with nickel (II) complexes in toluene and cumene oxidations by dioxygen; the effect of two oxazoles on membrane lipid structure of liver microsomes calculations of bond energy and the structure and properties of polymer adsorption layers on inorganic pigments surface in aqueous dispersion formed under ultrasonic treatment.

Nanotechnology has continuously evolved sharing with past technologies the same approaches to science policy, therefore, it is problematic to consider nanotechnology as a radical change in the development of technology. This book offers an overview of structure--property relationships, synthesis and purification, and potential applications of electrospun nanofibres and nanotubes. The collection of topics in this book aims to reflect the diversity of recent advances in nanotechnology with a broad perspective which will be useful for scientists as well as for graduate students and engineers.

This book examines topical data on the subject of chemical reactions in different phases of gas, liquid and solid states, such as the classification of polymers in reactivity toward nitrogen oxide; influence of the initiation rate of radicals on the kinetic characteristics of quercetin and dihydroquercetin in the methyl oleate oxidation; supercritical carbon dioxide swelling of polyheteroarylenes synthesised in N-methylpyrrolidone; inhibition of 2-hexenal oxidation by essential oils of ginger, marjoram, juniper berry, black and white pepper; specific properties of some biological composite materials; properties and applications of aminoxyl radicals in polymer chemistry and others.

Nanotechnologies development in various directions of science and engineering represents one of the most high-priority problems of modern science. One of such directions is the development and research of polymer nanocomposites with filler from nanoparticles and nanotubes possessing the increased strength and flame-resistance. In the last decade in the world literature a large amount of works have appeared which are dedicated both to technological and fundamental problems of polymer nanocomposites creation. The main part of these works adduced studies of polymer nanocomposites structure and properties, in which as filler organoclays with particles size of nanometre scale (for example, Na+-montmorillonite) were applied as a filler. Key studies in this field mainly use various kinds of modifications of large micromechanical models, created at one time for the description of polymer composites properties in general. These modifications are cumbersome enough, and mainly use complex computer technologies and although with their help convincing enough results were obtained, one should pay attention on their narrowness. In present quite many classes of polymer nanocomposites are obtained, having different reinforcement mechanisms, but the general ones in the sense, that these mechanisms are realised at the expense of introduction in polymer matrix particles of nanometre sizes. As it is known, the main peculiarity of such particles is a sharply increased polymer-filler contact area in comparison with usual fillers of micron scale size, that gives maximum reinforcement effect at small nanofiller contents. Hence it follows, that the main research object in the given case should be interfacial phenomena on polymer matrix-filler boundary, to which Academician Lipatov pointed as long as 40 years ago. Another important postulate is the fractal nature of nanoparticles structure, defining the mentioned above interfacial interactions level. The two postulates mentioned would be the main at the structure and properties of polymer nanocomposites analysis in the present monograph. At the same time the authors do not exlude the application of other model representations, for example, of the mentioned above micromechanical models.The purpose of the present monograph is the research of structure-properties relationships, defining a polymer nanocomposites reinforcement mechanism, for seven different classes of these materials. For these tasks solution the modern physical conceptions: synergetics of solid body, cluster model of polymers amorphous state structure, percolation theory are used.

This book focuses on biotechnology is a collection of technologies that capitalise on the attributes of cells and biological molecules. Biotechnology will help improve the ability to customise therapies based on individual genomics; prevent, diagnose, and treat all types of diseases rather than rely on rescue therapy and provide breakthroughs in agricultural production and food safety.

This volume has the title CHEMISTRY AS MUSIC because both chemistry and music can be good or bad, joyful or sorrowful, fast and slow. Not everybody can play as well as Nikolo Paganini, Ferenz List, or Sergei Rakhmaninov, and similarly, not everyone can accomplish complicated organic and inorganic syntheses. In both fields, golden hands are needed (preferably combined with a brilliant mind).The editors of this new book have tried to include in this volume papers on organic synthesis, biochemical physics, chemical kinetics, physical chemistry, and chemical physics. It is the fastest-evolving science today, on the cutting edge of modern technology. The authors of the papers are some of the leading researchers in their fields from the best research centres of their countries: representatives of pure and applied chemistry.

Book & CD. This book aims to present the progress in the science of polymers and monomer, synthesis, study of properties and application of polymers, polymer mixtures, composites and filled polymers. The book collects original articles and reviews important for both pure and applied chemistry. The application of polymers in medicine, composites and nanocomposites, reduction of polymer material combustibility, kinetics and the mechanism of various reactions are of special attention. Both synthetic and natural polymers are discussed. Some part of the collection, related to chemistry and physics of polymers, is devoted to oligomers and low-molecular compounds. This book brings together new and exciting research in this field.

Biocatalytic Technology & Nanotechnology

Aging of Polymers, Polymer Blends & Polymer Composites

Scientists from the former Soviet Union share the results of their investigations into the phenomena and processes of chemical physics at the quantitative level. Topics of the 20 papers include the polymerization of fluoro(meth)acrylates used in fiber optics, the structural aspects of adhesion in particulate-filled polymer composites, the fractal analysis of macromolecules, and the theoretical prognostication of the modulus of deformation hardening in the context of the cluster model.

Chemistry & Biochemistry on the Leading Edge

Low Flammability Polymeric Materials

This book explores the chemical processes of the radical polymerisation of different vinyl monomers, initiated vulcanisation of rubbers and curing of the polyester resins. Organic peroxides are mainly used as the initiators. Their main advantages are the thermal stability within the definite interval of temperatures and in different media, reactivity of the primary oxy -- radicals in different reactions and their initiation efficiency and non -- toxicity of the final decomposition products. The complexity of the above -- said properties of the organic peroxides should be taken into account under solving the problem of their purposeful synthesis.

This book presents current research in the fields of biochemistry and biotechnology. Topics discussed include information about the production of thermostable DNA polymerase suitable for whole-blood polymerase chain reaction; isolation, purification and some properties of L-Lysine a-Oxidase from 'Trichoderm' sp. 6; production of nitric oxide by endothelial cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1; optimisation of the process of cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli TBI protein producing strain; development of HRP-functionalised carbon-coated iron nanoparticales using arenediazonium tosilates; experimental approach to the induction of nonculturable state of Lactococcus lactis; and, callus culture technology of spring soft wheat stress tolerant varieties.

This book presents and discusses current research in the study of renewable resources and biotechnology for material applications. Topics discussed include the potential of sorghum varieties as a bioenergy crop; enzyme modified grain by-product reinforced polypropylene composites; biomass as combustion fuel; efficiency of hemp essentials oil depending inflorescence harvest and the new biostymulator for increasing crops resistance to drought stress.