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The advent of assisted conception procedures such as in-vitro
fertili sation (IVF) has provided the impetus for exploration of
the factors that lead to the establishment of pregnancy. This
collection of papers from leading research workers brings together
current concepts of the processes which may be of importance in
implantation. The complex signals from the embryo to the ovary,
endometrium and myometrium are now being revealed through studies
in both primates and other mammalian species. This book addresses
the interrelationship of pituitary and ovarian hormones in
controlling ovulation and the preparation of the intrauterine
environment for implantation. Once fertilisation has occurred and
trophoblast has formed, the next vital step is the production of
materials which signal the presence of the pregnancy to the rest of
the body. Trophoblastic proteins and other early-pregnancy factors
are prime candidates for this role. Recent studies have emphasised
the importance of the intrauterine environment in implantation.
Specific secretory products of the endometrium have great potential
in this process. The prostaglandins also play an essential part.
Immunological adjustments are now considered a condition for the
successful establishment of pregnancy. The possible use of immuno
therapy in the treatment of recurrent abortion has highlighted
interest in this area. The use of immunological techniques for
contraception are in their infancy but offer much hope for the
future.
A variety of new techniques that promise to revolutionize the
clinical management of early pregnancy are fully detailed in this
state-of-the-art book. Leading international researchers describe
fast-moving topics such as embryo manipulation and the diagnosis of
congenital abnormalities. The technology of assisted reproduction
has made it possible to study living embryonic material for the
first time, which has led to rapid advances in our understanding of
the human embryo's early development. For example, study of the
embryo in the test tube has pointed to early pregnancy loss as a
possible cause of later infertility. Even more important,
diagnostic tests using sophisticated techniques of molecular
biology can be run on single cells before the embryo is replaced in
the uterus. Another area of advance is the diagnosis of congenital
abnormalities in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.
Great improvements have been made in the techniques of chorion
villus biopsy and ultrasound imaging. A spectrum of simple
biochemical tests performed on the mother's blood can greatly
improve the detection of Down syndrome and other chromosome
defects. Together with other developments in the fields of
molecular biology and endocrinology, these new diagnostic
techniques are the beginning of a new age in clinical human
genetics and embryology.
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