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This book presents the ups and downs of the Soviet-Turkish
relations during World War II and immediately after it. Hasanli
draws on declassified archive documents from the United States,
Russia, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, and Azerbaijan to recreate a true
picture of the time when the 'Turkish crisis' of the Cold War broke
out. It explains why and how the friendly relations between the
USSR and Turkey escalated into enmity, led to the increased
confrontation between these two countries, and ended up with
Turkey's entry into NATO. Hasanli uses recently-released Soviet
archive documents to shed light on some dark points of the Cold War
era and the relations between the Soviets and the West. Apart from
bringing in an original point of view regarding starting of the
Cold War, the book reveals some secret sides of the Soviet domestic
and foreign policies. The book convincingly demonstrates how Soviet
political technologists led by Josef Stalin distorted the picture
of a friendly and peaceful country_Turkey_into the image of an
enemy in the minds of millions of Soviet citizens.
Immediately after the Allied WW2 victory in Europe, claims were
made by the Soviet Union over the eastern regions of Turkey, to
secure direct control over the Bosporus, Dardanelles, and Turkish
Straits. The detailed study of the international components of
these events, featuring the veiled complexities of Stalin's
anti-Turkish diplomacy, provides a key to understanding crucial
aspects of these Soviet territorial claims. Iranian Azerbaijan
became another hotspot of post-war confrontation between the
western Allies and the USSR: Soviet policy towards Iran manifested
in the desire to access their oil resources. A further direction
emerging within Soviet post-war strategy was the Kurdish issue in
the Near and Middle East. At the conjunction of Turkish and Iranian
events, Soviet secret service bodies and diplomatic institutions
exploited their strengths and toyed with Kurdish minorities in the
region. Their decisions placed the bordering regions of China,
Turkey, and Iran squarely in the shadowy reaches of Moscow's
policy. This research uses newly discovered archive material to
illustrate the underlying intrigue behind Soviet ambition and
intimately tracks how the Soviet Union was defeated in the first
Cold War confrontation over its southern borders. It also links
events of this period with the critical issue of Uyghur
assimilation, and further contemporary developments highlighting
Putin's policies, making it invaluable for both academic and
general readers.
Using recently declassified Soviet documents, Jamil Hasanli
examines Soviet involvement in the anti-China rebellion in East
Turkistan. Hasanli takes readers back to the early 1930s when the
Turkic national movement was suppressed by the Soviet government
and the USSR. Hasanli deftly illustrates how Stalin's policies
toward the movement changed after the turning point of World War II
and the treachery of Sheng Shicai, leading up to the 1944
establishment of the Eastern Turkistan Republic and the start of
the Cold War.
Using recently declassified Soviet documents, Jamil Hasanli
examines Soviet involvement in the anti-China rebellion in East
Turkistan during the 1930's and 1940's.
As revolution swept over Russia and empires collapsed in the final
days of World War I, Azerbaijan and neighbouring Georgia and
Armenia proclaimed their independence in May 1918. During the
ensuing two years of struggle for independence, military endgames,
and treaty negotiations, the diplomatic representatives of
Azerbaijan struggled to gain international recognition and
favourable resolution of the territorial sovereignty of the
country. This brief but eventful episode came to an end when the
Red Army entered Baku in late April 1920. Drawing on archival
documents from Azerbaijan, Turkey, Russia, United States, France,
and Great Britain, the accomplished historian, Jamil Hasanli, has
produced a comprehensive and meticulously documented account of
this little-known period. He narrates the tumultuous path of the
short-lived Azerbaijani state toward winning international
recognition and reconstructs a vivid image of the Azeri political
elite's quest for nationhood after the collapse of the Russian
colonial system, with a particular focus on the liberation of Baku
from Bolshevik factions, relations with regional neighbours, and
the arduous road to recognition of Azerbaijan's independence by the
Paris Peace Conference. Providing a valuable insight into the past
of the South Caucasus region and the dynamics of the post-World War
I era, this book will be an essential addition to scholars and
students of Central Asian Studies and the Caucasus, History,
Foreign Policy and Political Studies.
Ali Mardan bey Topchibashov was a prominent politician, who played
a crucial role in the history of Azerbaijan. One of the most
striking personalities in the history of Azerbaijan, the founder of
liberal ideas, and the first President of the Republic of
Azerbaijan, he led the Muslim faction in the first Russian Duma and
the Union of Muslims of Russia and was a central figure of the
Caucasian emigres in Europe. This book analyses and presents the
life of the first independent Azerbaijani political leaders. Based
on extensive research from archives in Azerbaijan, France, Georgia,
Russia (Moscow and Kazan) and the UK, some of which are newly
accessible, it traces the political personality of Topchibashov as
one of the largest Muslim leaders and founder of the Azerbaijan
Republic. At the same time, it offers insights into the history of
the formation and creation of the national consciousness of the
Russian Muslims and tracks the challenges in the national and
religious policy of the Imperial administration of the Soviet
Union. The author sheds light on the significant problems of the
Russian Empire (nationalities specifically) and global movements
such as the post-World War I settlement and the difficulties of the
many non-Russian groups that declared independence after the
Bolshevik rise of power. Filling a lacuna in modern Azerbaijan
history, this book will be of interest to academics working on
Russian, Soviet, South Caucasus and Central Asian History, in
particular Russian Empire, Muslim nations, and nationalism in
Central Asia and the Caucasus.
On February 25, 1956, Soviet leader Nikita S. Khrushchev delivered
the so-called "secret speech" in the Twentieth Party Congress of
the CPSU in which he denounced Stalin's transgressions and the cult
of personality around the deceased dictator. Replete with sharp
criticism of the Terror of the late 1930s, the unpreparedness of
the USSR for the Nazi invasion, numerous wartime blunders, and the
deportation of various nationalities, the speech reverberated
throughout the subordinate Soviet republics. For republics such as
Azerbaijan, the speech was an unmistakable signal to readjust the
entire political orientation and figure out ways to redefine
governance in post-Stalin era. Previously frozen under the mortal
threat of Stalinist persecution, various forms of national
self-expression began to experience rapid revival under the
Khrushchev thaw. Encouraged by the winds of change at the Center,
the Azeris cautiously began to reclaim possession of their
administrative domain. Among other local initiatives, the
declaration of the Azerbaijani language as the official language
was one step that stood out in its audacity, for it was not
pre-arranged with the Kremlin and defied the modus operandi of the
Soviet leadership. Somewhat reformist in his intentions yet
ignorant of the non-Slavic peripheries, Mr. Khrushchev had not
foreseen the scenarios that would unfold as a result of its new
tone and the developments that would come to be interpreted as the
rise of nationalism in the republics. Jamil Hasanli's research on
1950s' Azerbaijan sheds light on this watershed period in Soviet
history while also furnishing the reader with a greater
understanding of the root causes of the dissolution of the USSR.
As revolution swept over Russia and empires collapsed in the final
days of World War I, Azerbaijan and neighbouring Georgia and
Armenia proclaimed their independence in May 1918. During the
ensuing two years of struggle for independence, military endgames,
and treaty negotiations, the diplomatic representatives of
Azerbaijan struggled to gain international recognition and
favourable resolution of the territorial sovereignty of the
country. This brief but eventful episode came to an end when the
Red Army entered Baku in late April 1920. Drawing on archival
documents from Azerbaijan, Turkey, Russia, United States, France,
and Great Britain, the accomplished historian, Jamil Hasanli, has
produced a comprehensive and meticulously documented account of
this little-known period. He narrates the tumultuous path of the
short-lived Azerbaijani state toward winning international
recognition and reconstructs a vivid image of the Azeri political
elite's quest for nationhood after the collapse of the Russian
colonial system, with a particular focus on the liberation of Baku
from Bolshevik factions, relations with regional neighbours, and
the arduous road to recognition of Azerbaijan's independence by the
Paris Peace Conference. Providing a valuable insight into the past
of the South Caucasus region and the dynamics of the post-World War
I era, this book will be an essential addition to scholars and
students of Central Asian Studies and the Caucasus, History,
Foreign Policy and Political Studies.
This book presents the ups and downs of the Soviet-Turkish
relations during World War II and immediately after it. Hasanli
draws on declassified archive documents from the United States,
Russia, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, and Azerbaijan to recreate a true
picture of the time when the 'Turkish crisis' of the Cold War broke
out. It explains why and how the friendly relations between the
USSR and Turkey escalated into enmity, led to the increased
confrontation between these two countries, and ended up with
Turkey's entry into NATO. Hasanli uses recently-released Soviet
archive documents to shed light on some dark points of the Cold War
era and the relations between the Soviets and the West. Apart from
bringing in an original point of view regarding starting of the
Cold War, the book reveals some secret sides of the Soviet domestic
and foreign policies. The book convincingly demonstrates how Soviet
political technologists led by Josef Stalin distorted the picture
of a friendly and peaceful country_Turkey_into the image of an
enemy in the minds of millions of Soviet citizens.
For half a century, the United States and the Soviet Union were in
conflict. But how and where did the Cold War begin? Jamil Hasanli
answers these intriguing questions in At the Dawn of the Cold War.
He argues that the intergenerational crisis over Iranian Azerbaijan
(1945-1946) was the first event that brought the Soviet Union to a
confrontation with the United States and Britain after the period
of cooperation between them during World War II. Based on
top-secret archive materials from Soviet and Azerbaijani archives
as well as documents from American, British, and Iranian sources,
the book details Iranian Azerbaijan's independence movement, which
was backed by the USSR, the Soviet struggle for oil in Iran, and
the American and British reactions to these events. These events
were the starting point of the longer historical period of unarmed
conflict between the Soviets and the West that is now known as the
Cold War. This book is a major contribution to our understanding of
the Cold War and international politics following WWII.
Ali Mardan bey Topchibashov was a prominent politician, who played
a crucial role in the history of Azerbaijan. One of the most
striking personalities in the history of Azerbaijan, the founder of
liberal ideas, and the first President of the Republic of
Azerbaijan, he led the Muslim faction in the first Russian Duma and
the Union of Muslims of Russia and was a central figure of the
Caucasian emigres in Europe. This book analyses and presents the
life of the first independent Azerbaijani political leaders. Based
on extensive research from archives in Azerbaijan, France, Georgia,
Russia (Moscow and Kazan) and the UK, some of which are newly
accessible, it traces the political personality of Topchibashov as
one of the largest Muslim leaders and founder of the Azerbaijan
Republic. At the same time, it offers insights into the history of
the formation and creation of the national consciousness of the
Russian Muslims and tracks the challenges in the national and
religious policy of the Imperial administration of the Soviet
Union. The author sheds light on the significant problems of the
Russian Empire (nationalities specifically) and global movements
such as the post-World War I settlement and the difficulties of the
many non-Russian groups that declared independence after the
Bolshevik rise of power. Filling a lacuna in modern Azerbaijan
history, this book will be of interest to academics working on
Russian, Soviet, South Caucasus and Central Asian History, in
particular Russian Empire, Muslim nations, and nationalism in
Central Asia and the Caucasus.
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