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Phase 3 of the overall WERF project was developed to study eight
Phase 2 hypotheses in more depth, beginning in the laboratory
(bench-scale) studies and continuing on to targeted investigations
where the WERF team manipulated plant parameters at full scale to
identify the best means of reducing biosolids cake odors. The Phase
3 research specifically sought ways to enhance anaerobicly digested
and dewatered biosolids to reduce the odor levels in the biosolids
end product, thereby reducing negatively perceived impacts on the
environment or to the public when beneficially used on land. The
goal of the Phase 3 study was to provide a general application of
findings to WERF subscribers who are seeking ways to reduce odors
produced by anaerobicly-digested biosolids. The Phase 3 options
summary presents a general roadmap for wastewater treatment plant
operators seeking to optimize biosolids processing and reduce
biosolids cake odors. Biosolids cakes with minimal odors lead to
better public acceptance near biosolids management sites and in
neighborhoods adjacent to WWTPs. Reduced odors also could open the
WWTP dewatered biosolids cake to other recycling or disposal
opportunities that are currently not used due to odor and other
concerns (including on-plant site composting or storage).
Additionally, significant cost savings could be realized by not
requiring extensive odor control or other expensive options for
containment and management of biosolids.
Wastewater collection system odors and corrosion issues continue to
grow in importance to the community and to system owners and
operators. Odor and corrosion prevention in collection systems has
historically been as much art as science. Common control methods
are selected based on practical experience as opposed to a
fundamental understanding of why and when methods will be
successful. Although much is known regarding the cause of odorous
gases in the collection system, the underlying science and
mechanisms of odor generation, sewer ventilation, odor
characterization and monitoring, and corrosion mechanisms need
further research. This WERF research activity helps odor-control
specialists transition from "odor artists" to scientists and
engineers, while also providing a useful tool both for designers to
successfully prevent odor and corrosion events through proper
design and for operators to mitigate and prevent odor excursions
and corrosion impacts. This project transfers state-of-the-art
technology and information gained from the literature survey to the
collection system owner and designer on odor and corrosion
assessment, measurement, characterization, monitoring, and
prevention. The field studies identified in this Phase 1 effort
will fill high-ranked knowledge needs. The resultant database and
team-developed, web-based application tool will identify the best
practices for the entire collection system and its associated
facilities, infrastructure, equipment, and pipes. A plain-English
guide providing a useful and easily understandable overview about
odor and corrosion in collection systems including how odor and
corrosion compounds are formed and what to do to control them is
provided as an introduction to this document. This Phase 1 report
then summarizes the state of the art in knowledge related to odor
and corrosion in collection systems. This highlights the latest
knowledge reported in the literature. These efforts to compile the
literature database have included information-sharing partnerships
with municipal utilities, the academic community, and the
profession, all on a global basis. Our team included leading odor
and corrosion control researchers in the academic, utility
management, and consulting communities, and part of their role was
to provide exhaustive literature research efforts through catalogue
reference, gray literature review, and Internet search mechanisms.
In this way we have accessed a broad spectrum of global resources
tapping into the knowledge and experience of both WERF member and
nonmember utilities.
This project was undertaken in response to needs by the wastewater
treatment industry to better understand the generation of odors
from biosolids produced by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Its
primary objective is to begin to establish relationships between
WWTP process parameters and biosolids odors, so that more effective
techniques for minimizing biosolids odors can be developed. The
project consisted of a detailed field study involving extensive
sampling and analyses at 11 WWTPs across North America with
capacities from 13 to 350 million gallons per day (mgd). Biosolids
samples were collected from the WWTPs at a number of sampling
points, which were chosen to represent a complete snapshot of
biosolids generation and handling at each WWTP. The sampling points
started with influent wastewater, proceeded through primary and
secondary clarification, and continued through digestion,
dewatering, and onsite storage of dewatered biosolids cake.
Laboratory-scale anaerobic storage tests were conducted to simulate
odor development of biosolids in storage, prior to their beneficial
reuse or disposal. A battery of analyses were performed on the
biosolids samples by the participating utility laboratories,
commercial laboratories, and specialized university laboratories.
The analytical data were evaluated and compared with process and
operation parameters at each participating WWTP.
A general review of literature published from 1990 to 2000 and
unpublished (gray) literature on odors associated with municipal
wastewater collection systems and treatment facilities, including
biosolids handling. The literature review focused on several areas
including odor characterization technology, odor sampling,
analysis, measurement technology, and odor mitigation (control)
technology.
Although primarily concerned with the treatment of wastewater and water quality, publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) are required to be in compliance with the Federal Clean Air Act and an increasingly stringent series of Clean Air Act Amendments to control emissions of odors, criteria pollutants, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). How POTWs demonstrate, document, or show compliance with federal and state or local quality laws and regulations can vary significantly from POTW to POTW and from state to state. VOC Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants: Characterization, Control, and Compliance provides the tools, concepts, policies, and information required to develop an air quality compliance plan and to assess the labor and capital requirements to maintain the plan's viability.
With contributions from a panel of experts and authoritative editorial guidance, the book reflects many viewpoints and approaches based on various air quality compliance and assessment conditions and experiences. The editors use this body of knowledge to develop a clear picture of how to design, set up, and maintain a successful air quality compliance program. Building on this foundation, VOC Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants: Characterization, Control, and Compliance shows you how to create a comprehensive, complete program that includes POTW-specific air emissions inventory information, measurement techniques, and viable control options.
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