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Psychiatry has long struggled with the nature of its diagnoses. The
problems raised by questions about the nature of psychiatric
illness are particularly fascinating because they sit at the
intersection of philosophy, empirical psychiatric/psychological
research, measurement theory, historical tradition and policy. In
being the only medical specialty that diagnoses and treats mental
illness, psychiatry has been subject to major changes in the last
150 years. This book explores the forces that have shaped these
changes and especially how substantial "internal" advances in our
knowledge of the nature and causes of psychiatric illness have
interacted with a plethora of external forces that have impacted on
the psychiatric profession. It includes contributions from
philosophers of science with an interest in psychiatry,
psychiatrists and psychologists with expertise in the history of
their field and historians of psychiatry. Each chapter is
accompanied by an introduction and a commentary. The result is a
dynamic discussion about the nature of psychiatric disorders, and a
book that is compelling reading for those in the field of mental
health, history of science and medicine, and philosophy.
Psychiatric and psychological practice and research is critically
dependent on diagnosis. Yet the nature of psychiatric diagnosis and
the rules by which disorders should be created and organized have
been highly controversial for over 100 years. Unlike simple medical
disorders (like infectious diseases), psychiatric disorders cannot
be traced to one simple etiologic agent. The last two generations
have seen major conceptual shifts in the approach to diagnosis with
the rise of operationalized criteria and an emphasis on a
descriptive rather than etiological approach to diagnosis. The
interest in psychiatric diagnoses is particularly heightened now
because both of the major psychiatric classifications in the world
- DSM and ICD - are now undergoing major revisions. What makes
psychiatric nosology so interesting is that it sits at the
intersection of philosophy, empirical psychiatric/psychological
research, measurement theory, historical tradition and policy. This
makes the field fertile for a conceptual analysis. This book brings
together established experts in the wide range of disciplines that
have an interest in psychiatric nosology. The contributors include
philosophers, psychologists, psychiatrists, historians and
representatives of the efforts of DSM-III, DSM-IV and DSM-V. Some
of the questions addressed include i) what is the nature of
psychiatric illness? Can it be clearly defined and if so how? ii)
What is the impact of facts versus values in psychiatric
classification? iii) How have concepts of psychiatric diagnosis
changed over time? iv) How can we best conceptualize the central
idea of diagnostic validity? And v) Can psychiatric classification
be a cumulative enterprise seeking improvements at each iteration
of the diagnostic manual? Each individual chapter is introduced by
the editors and is followed by a commentary, resulting in a dynamic
discussion about the nature of psychiatric disorders. This book
will be valuable for psychiatrists, psychologists and other mental
health trainees and professionals with an interest in the questions
and problems of psychiatric diagnosis, as well as philosophers and
philosophy students interested in the problems posed by psychiatry,
particularly those working in the philosophy of science.
Levels of Analysis in Psychopathology draws research from
psychiatry, philosophy, and psychology to explore the variety of
explanatory approaches for understanding the nature of psychiatric
disorders both in practice and research. The fields of psychiatry
and clinical psychology incorporates many useful explanatory
approaches and this book integrates this range of perspectives and
makes suggestions about how to advance etiologic theories,
classification, and treatment. The editors have brought together
leading thinkers who have been widely published and are
well-respected in their area of expertise, including several
developers of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders and authors of the US National Institute of Mental
Health's Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC). Each main chapter
has a commentary provided by one of the other authors and an
introduction written by one of the editors to create an accessible,
interdisciplinary dialog.
The revisions of both DSM-IV and ICD-10 have again focused the
interest of the field of psychiatry and clinical psychology on the
issue of nosology. This interest has been further heightened by a
series of controversies associated with the development of DSM-5
including the fate of proposed revisions of the personality
disorders, bereavement, and the autism spectrum. Major debate arose
within the DSM process about the criteria for changing criteria,
leading to the creation of first the Scientific Review Committee
and then a series of other oversight committees which weighed in on
the final debates on the most controversial proposed additions to
DSM-5, providing important influences on the final decisions.
Contained within these debates were a range of conceptual and
philosophical issues. Some of these - such as the definition of
mental disorder or the problems of psychiatric "epidemics" - have
been with the field for a long time. Others - the concept of
epistemic iteration as a framework for the introduction of
nosologic change - are quite new. This book reviews issues within
psychiatric nosology from clinical, historical and particularly
philosophical perspectives. The book brings together a range of
distinguished authors - including major psychiatric researchers,
clinicians, historians and especially nosologists - including
several leaders of the DSM-5 effort and the DSM Steering Committee.
It also includes contributions from psychologists with a special
interest in psychiatric nosology and philosophers with a wide range
of orientations. The book is organized into four major sections:
The first explores the nature of psychiatric illness and the way in
which it is defined, including clinical and psychometric
perspectives. The second section examines problems in the
reification of psychiatric diagnostic criteria, the problem of
psychiatric epidemics, and the nature and definition of individual
symptoms. The third section explores the concept of epistemic
iteration as a possible governing conceptual framework for the
revision efforts for official psychiatric nosologies such as DSM
and ICD and the problems of validation of psychiatric diagnoses.
The book ends by exploring how we might move from the descriptive
to the etiologic in psychiatric diagnoses, the nature of progress
in psychiatric research, and the possible benefits of moving to a
living document (or continuous improvement) model for psychiatric
nosologic systems. The result is a book that captures the dynamic
cross-disciplinary interactions that characterize the best work in
the philosophy of psychiatry.
This multidisciplinary collection explores three key concepts
underpinning psychiatry-explanation, phenomenology, and nosology -
and their continuing relevance in an age of neuroimaging and
genetic analysis. An introduction by Kenneth S Kendler lays out the
philosophical grounding of psychiatric practice. The first section
addresses the concept of explanation, from the difficulties in
describing complex behaviour to the categorization of psychological
and biological causality. In the second section, contributors
discuss experience, including the complex and vexing issue of how
self-agency and free will affect mental health. The third and final
section examines the organizational difficulties in psychiatric
nosology and the instability of the existing diagnostic system.
Each chapter has both an introduction by the editors and a
concluding comment by another of the book's contributors.
Contributors: John Campbell, PhD; Thomas Fuchs, MD, PhD; Shaun
Gallagher, PhD; Kenneth S Kendler, MD; Sandra D Mitchell, PhD;
Dominic P Murphy, PhD; Josef Parnas, MD, Dr Med Sci; Louis A Sass,
PhD; Kenneth F Schaffner, MD, PhD; James F Woodward, PhD; Peter
Zachar, PhD.
Levels of Analysis in Psychopathology draws research from
psychiatry, philosophy, and psychology to explore the variety of
explanatory approaches for understanding the nature of psychiatric
disorders both in practice and research. The fields of psychiatry
and clinical psychology incorporates many useful explanatory
approaches and this book integrates this range of perspectives and
makes suggestions about how to advance etiologic theories,
classification, and treatment. The editors have brought together
leading thinkers who have been widely published and are
well-respected in their area of expertise, including several
developers of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders and authors of the US National Institute of Mental
Health's Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC). Each main chapter
has a commentary provided by one of the other authors and an
introduction written by one of the editors to create an accessible,
interdisciplinary dialog.
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