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N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a nitrogen-containing organic
compound that has known carcinogenic properties. NDMA has been a
health concern for some industries for a number of years as it is
used in rubber formulations, as a fire retardant, antioxidant,
additive for lubricants and softener of copolymers; it is also a
degradation product of dimethylhydrazine, an additive to rocket
fuel. Most people are exposed to NDMA via a number of diverse
routes including cigarette smoke (actively or passively) and
processed foods, for example smoked meat products. However, it has
only come to the attention of the international water industry
since it was recognised as a disinfection by-product (DBP) of
chloramination or chlorination in the presence of ammonia. The aim
of this guidance manual is to answer commonly asked questions about
this emerging issue, such as: How do they come to be in drinking
water and recycled water and what * concentrations are "normal"?
What regulatory/guidance levels have been imposed in Australia and
elsewhere? How are they formed? What are the risk factors for the
occurrence of nitrosamines in my system? What can we do to control
them? What are the implications for the drinking and recycled water
industry, and in particular for public health? This Guidance Manual
has a companion document, Generic Management Plan for Nitrosamines
in Drinking Water which provides provide background information on
the group of organic contaminants, nitrosamines. This book is
co-published with Water Research Australia.
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