Simulations have reached new levels of precision with the acceleration of progress in computing and processing power. The amounts of data that can be processed and analyzed allow new methodological advances and inspire researchers across disciplines to ask new research questions. The objectives of this edited volume therefore are - to identify new areas of research in which computer-based simulations allow for results and conclusions that would have not been possible without simulations - to evaluate the opportunities and the limits of computer-based simulations - and to foster trans-disciplinary scientific work that explores the potentials of e.g. methods of theoretical physics for areas of economic research.