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This book focuses on the development of a theory of info-dynamics
to support the theory of info-statics in the general theory of
information. It establishes the rational foundations of information
dynamics and how these foundations relate to the general
socio-natural dynamics from the primary to the derived categories
in the universal existence and from the potential to the actual in
the ontological space. It also shows how these foundations relate
to the general socio-natural dynamics from the potential to the
possible to give rise to the possibility space with possibilistic
thinking; from the possible to the probable to give rise to
possibility space with probabilistic thinking; and from the
probable to the actual to give rise to the space of knowledge with
paradigms of thought in the epistemological space. The theory is
developed to explain the general dynamics through various
transformations in quality-quantity space in relation to the nature
of information flows at each variety transformation. The theory
explains the past-present-future connectivity of the evolving
information structure in a manner that illuminates the
transformation problem and its solution in the never-ending
information production within matter-energy space under
socio-natural technologies to connect the theory of info-statics,
which in turn presents explanations to the transformation problem
and its solution. The theoretical framework is developed with
analytical tools based on the principle of opposites, systems of
actual-potential polarities, negative-positive dualities under
different time-structures with the use of category theory, fuzzy
paradigm of thought and game theory in the fuzzy-stochastic
cost-benefit space. The rational foundations are enhanced with
categorial analytics. The value of the theory of info-dynamics is
demonstrated in the explanatory and prescriptive structures of the
transformations of varieties and categorial varieties at each point
of time and over time from parent-offspring sequences. It
constitutes a general explanation of dynamics of
information-knowledge production through info-processes and
info-processors induced by a socio-natural infinite set of
technologies in the construction-destruction space.
This book discusses the development of a theory of info-statics as
a sub-theory of the general theory of information. It describes the
factors required to establish a definition of the concept of
information that fixes the applicable boundaries of the phenomenon
of information, its linguistic structure and scientific
applications. The book establishes the definitional foundations of
information and how the concepts of uncertainty, data, fact,
evidence and evidential things are sequential derivatives of
information as the primary category, which is a property of matter
and energy. The sub-definitions are extended to include the
concepts of possibility, probability, expectation, anticipation,
surprise, discounting, forecasting, prediction and the nature of
past-present-future information structures. It shows that the
factors required to define the concept of information are those
that allow differences and similarities to be established among
universal objects over the ontological and epistemological spaces
in terms of varieties and identities. These factors are
characteristic and signal dispositions on the basis of which
general definitional foundations are developed to construct the
general information definition (GID). The book then demonstrates
that this definition is applicable to all types of information over
the ontological and epistemological spaces. It also defines the
concepts of uncertainty, data, fact, evidence and knowledge based
on the GID. Lastly, it uses set-theoretic analytics to enhance the
definitional foundations, and shows the value of the theory of
info-statics to establish varieties and categorial varieties at
every point of time and thus initializes the construct of the
theory of info-dynamics.
This book presents the development of a theory of social
goal-objective formation and its relationship to national interest
and social vision under a democratic decision-choice system with
imperfect information structure. It provides a framework for the
application of fuzzy logic and its mathematics to the analysis in
resolving conflicts in individual preferences in the collective
decision-choice space without violence. The book demonstrates how
to use fuzzy logic and its mathematics in the study of economics,
social sciences and other complex systems. It also presents the use
of collaborative tools of opposites, duality, polarity, continuum
in fuzzy paradigm with its logic, laws of thought and mathematics
in developing a new approach to the theory of political economy in
order to enhance the constructs of social decision-choice theory.
This volume presents an analysis of the problems and solutions of
the market mockery of the democratic collective decision-choice
system with imperfect information structure composed of defective
and deceptive structures using methods of fuzzy rationality. The
book is devoted to the political economy of rent-seeking,
rent-protection and rent-harvesting to enhance profits under
democratic collective decision-choice systems. The toolbox used in
the monograph consists of methods of fuzzy decision, approximate
reasoning, negotiation games and fuzzy mathematics. The monograph
further discusses the rent-seeking phenomenon in the Schumpeterian
and Marxian political economies where the rent-seeking activities
transform the qualitative character of the general capitalism into
oligarchic socialism and making the democratic collective
decision-choice system as an ideology rather than social calculus
for resolving conflicts in preferences in the collective
decision-choice space without violence.
The monograph is an examination of the fuzzy rational foundations
of the structure of exact and inexact sciences over the
epistemological space which is distinguished from the ontological
space. It is thus concerned with the demarcation problem. It
examines exact science and its critique of inexact science. The
role of fuzzy rationality in these examinations is presented. The
driving force of the discussions is the nature of the information
that connects the cognitive relational structure of the
epistemological space to the ontological space for knowing. The
knowing action is undertaken by decision-choice agents who must
process information to derive exact-inexact or true-false
conclusions. The information processing is done with a paradigm and
laws of thought that constitute the input-output machine. The
nature of the paradigm selected depends on the nature of the
information structure that is taken as input of the thought
processing. Generally, the information structure received from the
ontological space is defective from the simple principles of
acquaintances and the limitations of cognitive agents operating in
the epistemological space. How then do we arrive and claim
exactness in our knowledge-production system? The general
conclusion of this book is that the conditions of the fuzzy
paradigm with its laws of thought and mathematics present a
methodological unity of exact and inexact sciences where every zone
of thought has fuzzy covering.
This book presents the development of a theory of social
goal-objective formation and its relationship to national interest
and social vision under a democratic decision-choice system with
imperfect information structure. It provides a framework for the
application of fuzzy logic and its mathematics to the analysis in
resolving conflicts in individual preferences in the collective
decision-choice space without violence. The book demonstrates how
to use fuzzy logic and its mathematics in the study of economics,
social sciences and other complex systems. It also presents the use
of collaborative tools of opposites, duality, polarity, continuum
in fuzzy paradigm with its logic, laws of thought and mathematics
in developing a new approach to the theory of political economy in
order to enhance the constructs of social decision-choice theory.
This volume presents an analysis of the problems and solutions
of the market mockery of the democratic collective decision-choice
system with imperfect information structure composed of defective
and deceptive structures using methods of fuzzy rationality.
The book is devoted to the political economy of rent-seeking,
rent-protection and rent-harvesting to enhance profits under
democratic collective decision-choice systems. The toolbox used in
the monograph consists of methods of fuzzy decision, approximate
reasoning, negotiation games and fuzzy mathematics. The monograph
further discusses the rent-seeking phenomenon in the Schumpeterian
and Marxian political economies where the rent-seeking activities
transform the qualitative character of the general capitalism into
oligarchic socialism and making the democratic collective
decision-choice system as an ideology rather than social calculus
for resolving conflicts in preferences in the collective
decision-choice space without violence.
The monograph is an examination of the fuzzy rational foundations
of the structure of exact and inexact sciences over the
epistemological space which is distinguished from the ontological
space. It is thus concerned with the demarcation problem. It
examines exact science and its critique of inexact science. The
role of fuzzy rationality in these examinations is presented. The
driving force of the discussions is the nature of the information
that connects the cognitive relational structure of the
epistemological space to the ontological space for knowing. The
knowing action is undertaken by decision-choice agents who must
process information to derive exact-inexact or true-false
conclusions. The information processing is done with a paradigm and
laws of thought that constitute the input-output machine. The
nature of the paradigm selected depends on the nature of the
information structure that is taken as input of the thought
processing. Generally, the information structure received from the
ontological space is defective from the simple principles of
acquaintances and the limitations of cognitive agents operating in
the epistemological space. How then do we arrive and claim
exactness in our knowledge-production system? The general
conclusion of this book is that the conditions of the fuzzy
paradigm with its laws of thought and mathematics present a
methodological unity of exact and inexact sciences where every zone
of thought has fuzzy covering.
Criticism is the habitus of the contemplative intellect, whereby we
try to recognize with probability the genuine quality of a l- erary
work by using appropriate aids and rules. In so doing, c- tain
general and particular points must be considered. The art of
interpretation or hermeneutics is the habitus of the contemplative
intellect of probing into the sense of somewhat special text by
using logical rules and suitable means. Note : Hermeneutics differs
from criticism as the part does from the whole. Antonius Gvilielmus
Amo Afer (1727) There is no such thing as absolute truth. At best
it is a subj- tive criterion, but one based upon valuation.
Unfortunately, too many people place their fate in the hands of
subjective without properly evaluating it. Arnold A. Kaufmann and
Madan M. Gupta The development of cost benefit analysis and the
theory of fuzzy decision was divided into two inter-dependent
structures of identification and measurement theory on one hand and
fuzzy value theory one the other. Each of them has sub-theories
that constitute a complete logical system.
The genus of definitions for the theoretical sciences is (the
province of) the habitus of the intellective intention, for the
practical sciences, however, that of the effective intention; the
objects and ends constitute the specific differ ence There is
nothing in the intellect that has not already been in the senses,
that is, in the sensory organs, that has not already been in
sensible things from which are distinguished things not perceptible
to the senses. Nothing can be of the mind, sensation and the thing
inferred therefrom except the operation itself. Real learning is
cognition of things in themselves. It thus has the basis of its
certainty in the known thing. This is established in two ways: by
demon stration in the case of contemplative things, and by
induction in the case of things perceptible to the senses. In
contrast with real learning there is pos sible, probable and
fictive learning. Antonius Gvilielmus Amo Afer (1827) This research
has been long in the making. Its conception began in my last years
in the doctoral program at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa. It
was simultaneously conceived with my two books on the Neo Keynesian
Theory of Optimal aggregate investment and output dynamics [201]
[202] as well as reflections on the methodology of decision-choice
rationality and development economics [440] [441]. Economic
theories and social policies were viewed to have, among other
things, one impor tant thing in common in that they relate to
decision making under different.
We do not perceive the present as it is and in totality, nor do we
infer the future from the present with any high degree of
dependability, nor yet do we accurately know the consequences of
our own actions. In addition, there is a fourth source of error to
be taken into account, for we do not execute actions in the precise
form in which they are imaged and willed. Frank H. Knight [R4.34,
p. 202] The "degree" of certainty of confidence felt in the
conclusion after it is reached cannot be ignored, for it is of the
greatest practical signi- cance. The action which follows upon an
opinion depends as much upon the amount of confidence in that
opinion as it does upon fav- ableness of the opinion itself. The
ultimate logic, or psychology, of these deliberations is obscure, a
part of the scientifically unfathomable mystery of life and mind.
Frank H. Knight [R4.34, p. 226-227] With some inaccuracy,
description of uncertain consequences can be classified into two
categories, those which use exclusively the language of probability
distributions and those which call for some other principle, either
to replace or supplement.
Philosophy involves a criticism of scientific knowledge, not from a
point of view ultimately different from that of science, but from a
point of view less concerned with details and more concerned with
the h- mony of the body of special sciences. Here as elsewhere,
while the older logic shut out possibilities and imprisoned
imagination within the walls of the familiar, the newer logic shows
rather what may happen, and refuses to decide as to what must
happen. Bertrand Russell At any particular stage in the development
of humanity knowledge comes up against limits set by the
necessarily limited character of the experience available and the
existing means of obtaining knowledge. But humanity advances by
overcoming such limits. New experience throws down the limits of
old experience; new techniques, new means of obtaining knowledge
throw down the limits of old techniques and old means of obtaining
knowledge. New limits then once again appear. But there is no more
reason to suppose these new limits absolute and final than there
was to suppose the old ones absolute and final.
It is necessary to practice methodological doubt, like Descartes,
in - der to loosen the hold of mental habits; and it is necessary
to cultivate logical imagination, in order to have a number of
hypotheses at c- mand, and not to be the slave of the one which
common sense has r- dered easy to imagine. These two processes, of
doubting the familiar and imagining the unfamiliar, are corrective,
and form the chief part of the mental training required for a
philosopher. Bertrand Russell At every stage and in all
circumstances knowledge is incomplete and provisional, conditioned
and limited by the historical circumstances under which it was
acquired, including the means and methods used for gaining it and
the historically conditioned assumptions and categories used in the
formulation of ideas and conclusions. Maurice Cornforth This
monograph is the second in the series of meta-theoretic analysis of
fuzzy paradigm and its contribution and possible contribution to
formal reasoning in order to free the knowledge production process
from the ridge frame of the classical paradigm that makes its
application to soft and inexact sciences d- ficult or irrelevant.
The work in the previous monograph was strictly devoted to problems
of theory of knowledge and critique of classical, bounded and other
rationalities in decision-choice processes regarding the principles
of verification, falsification or corroboration in knowledge
production. This monograph deals mostly with epistemic
decision-choice models and theories and how they are related to
both the classical and fuzzy paradigms.
We do not perceive the present as it is and in totality, nor do we
infer the future from the present with any high degree of
dependability, nor yet do we accurately know the consequences of
our own actions. In addition, there is a fourth source of error to
be taken into account, for we do not execute actions in the precise
form in which they are imaged and willed. Frank H. Knight [R4.34,
p. 202] The "degree" of certainty of confidence felt in the
conclusion after it is reached cannot be ignored, for it is of the
greatest practical signi- cance. The action which follows upon an
opinion depends as much upon the amount of confidence in that
opinion as it does upon fav- ableness of the opinion itself. The
ultimate logic, or psychology, of these deliberations is obscure, a
part of the scientifically unfathomable mystery of life and mind.
Frank H. Knight [R4.34, p. 226-227] With some inaccuracy,
description of uncertain consequences can be classified into two
categories, those which use exclusively the language of probability
distributions and those which call for some other principle, either
to replace or supplement.
Philosophy involves a criticism of scientific knowledge, not from a
point of view ultimately different from that of science, but from a
point of view less concerned with details and more concerned with
the h- mony of the body of special sciences. Here as elsewhere,
while the older logic shut out possibilities and imprisoned
imagination within the walls of the familiar, the newer logic shows
rather what may happen, and refuses to decide as to what must
happen. Bertrand Russell At any particular stage in the development
of humanity knowledge comes up against limits set by the
necessarily limited character of the experience available and the
existing means of obtaining knowledge. But humanity advances by
overcoming such limits. New experience throws down the limits of
old experience; new techniques, new means of obtaining knowledge
throw down the limits of old techniques and old means of obtaining
knowledge. New limits then once again appear. But there is no more
reason to suppose these new limits absolute and final than there
was to suppose the old ones absolute and final.
Criticism is the habitus of the contemplative intellect, whereby we
try to recognize with probability the genuine quality of a l- erary
work by using appropriate aids and rules. In so doing, c- tain
general and particular points must be considered. The art of
interpretation or hermeneutics is the habitus of the contemplative
intellect of probing into the sense of somewhat special text by
using logical rules and suitable means. Note : Hermeneutics differs
from criticism as the part does from the whole. Antonius Gvilielmus
Amo Afer (1727) There is no such thing as absolute truth. At best
it is a subj- tive criterion, but one based upon valuation.
Unfortunately, too many people place their fate in the hands of
subjective without properly evaluating it. Arnold A. Kaufmann and
Madan M. Gupta The development of cost benefit analysis and the
theory of fuzzy decision was divided into two inter-dependent
structures of identification and measurement theory on one hand and
fuzzy value theory one the other. Each of them has sub-theories
that constitute a complete logical system.
The genus of definitions for the theoretical sciences is (the
province of) the habitus of the intellective intention, for the
practical sciences, however, that of the effective intention; the
objects and ends constitute the specific differ ence There is
nothing in the intellect that has not already been in the senses,
that is, in the sensory organs, that has not already been in
sensible things from which are distinguished things not perceptible
to the senses. Nothing can be of the mind, sensation and the thing
inferred therefrom except the operation itself. Real learning is
cognition of things in themselves. It thus has the basis of its
certainty in the known thing. This is established in two ways: by
demon stration in the case of contemplative things, and by
induction in the case of things perceptible to the senses. In
contrast with real learning there is pos sible, probable and
fictive learning. Antonius Gvilielmus Amo Afer (1827) This research
has been long in the making. Its conception began in my last years
in the doctoral program at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa. It
was simultaneously conceived with my two books on the Neo Keynesian
Theory of Optimal aggregate investment and output dynamics [201]
[202] as well as reflections on the methodology of decision-choice
rationality and development economics [440] [441]. Economic
theories and social policies were viewed to have, among other
things, one impor tant thing in common in that they relate to
decision making under different.
This book is concerned with the development of the understanding of
the relational structures of information, knowledge,
decision–choice processes of problems and solutions in the theory
and practice regarding diversity and unity principles of knowing,
science, non-science, and information–knowledge systems through
dualistic-polar conditions of variety existence and nonexistence.
It is a continuation of the sequence of my epistemic works on the
theories on fuzzy rationality, info-statics, info-dynamics,
entropy, and their relational connectivity to information,
language, knowing, knowledge, cognitive practices relative to
variety identification–problem–solution dualities, variety
transformation–problem–solution dualities, and variety
certainty–uncertainty principle in all areas of knowing and human
actions regarding general social transformations. It is also an
economic–theoretic approach in understanding the diversity and
unity of knowing and science through neuro-decision–choice
actions over the space of problem–solution dualities and
polarities. The problem–solution dualities are argued to connect
all areas of knowing including science and non-science, social
science, and non-social-science into unity with diversities under
neuro-decision–choice actions to support human existence and
nonexistence over the space of static–dynamic dualities. The
concepts of diversity and unity are defined and explicated to
connect to the tactics and strategies of decision–choice actions
over the space of problem–solution dualities. The concepts of
problem and solution are defined and explicated not in the space of
absoluteness but rather in the space of relativity based on real
cost–benefit conditions which are shown to be connected to the
general parent–offspring infinite process, where every solution
generates new problem(s) which then generates a search for new
solutions within the space of minimum–maximum dualities in the
decision–choice space under the principle of non-satiation over
the space of preference–non-preference dualities with analytical
tools drawn from the fuzzy paradigm of thought which connects the
conditions of the principle of opposites to the conditions of
neuro-decision–choice actions in the zone of variety
identifications and transformations. The Monograph would be
useful to all areas of Research, Learning and Teaching at Advanced
Stages of Knowing and Knowledge Production.
This book is concerned with the development of the understanding of
the relational structures of information, knowledge,
decision-choice processes of problems and solutions in the theory
and practice regarding diversity and unity principles of knowing,
science, non-science, and information-knowledge systems through
dualistic-polar conditions of variety existence and nonexistence.
It is a continuation of the sequence of my epistemic works on the
theories on fuzzy rationality, info-statics, info-dynamics,
entropy, and their relational connectivity to information,
language, knowing, knowledge, cognitive practices relative to
variety identification-problem-solution dualities, variety
transformation-problem-solution dualities, and variety
certainty-uncertainty principle in all areas of knowing and human
actions regarding general social transformations. It is also an
economic-theoretic approach in understanding the diversity and
unity of knowing and science through neuro-decision-choice actions
over the space of problem-solution dualities and polarities. The
problem-solution dualities are argued to connect all areas of
knowing including science and non-science, social science, and
non-social-science into unity with diversities under
neuro-decision-choice actions to support human existence and
nonexistence over the space of static-dynamic dualities. The
concepts of diversity and unity are defined and explicated to
connect to the tactics and strategies of decision-choice actions
over the space of problem-solution dualities. The concepts of
problem and solution are defined and explicated not in the space of
absoluteness but rather in the space of relativity based on real
cost-benefit conditions which are shown to be connected to the
general parent-offspring infinite process, where every solution
generates new problem(s) which then generates a search for new
solutions within the space of minimum-maximum dualities in the
decision-choice space under the principle of non-satiation over the
space of preference-non-preference dualities with analytical tools
drawn from the fuzzy paradigm of thought which connects the
conditions of the principle of opposites to the conditions of
neuro-decision-choice actions in the zone of variety
identifications and transformations. The Monograph would be useful
to all areas of Research, Learning and Teaching at Advanced Stages
of Knowing and Knowledge Production.
This book presents an epistemic framework for dealing with
information-knowledge and certainty-uncertainty problems within the
space of quality-quantity dualities. It bridges between theoretical
concepts of entropy and entropy measurements, proposing the concept
and measurement of fuzzy-stochastic entropy that is applicable to
all areas of knowing under human cognitive limitations over the
epistemological space. The book builds on two previous monographs
by the same author concerning theories of info-statics and
info-dynamics, to deal with identification and transformation
problems respectively. The theoretical framework is developed by
using the toolboxes such as those of the principle of opposites,
systems of actual-potential polarities and negative-positive
dualities, under different cost-benefit time-structures. The
category theory and the fuzzy paradigm of thought, under
methodological constructionism-reductionism duality, are used in
the fuzzy-stochastic and cost-benefit spaces to point to directions
of global application in knowing, knowledge and decision-choice
actions. Thus, the book is concerned with a general theory of
entropy, showing how the fuzzy paradigm of thought is developed to
deal with the problems of qualitative-quantitative uncertainties
over the fuzzy-stochastic space, which will be applicable to
conditions of soft-hard data, fact, evidence and knowledge over the
spaces of problem-solution dualities, decision-choice actions in
sciences, non-sciences, engineering and planning sciences to
abstract acceptable information-knowledge elements.
This book presents an epistemic framework for dealing with
information-knowledge and certainty-uncertainty problems within the
space of quality-quantity dualities. It bridges between theoretical
concepts of entropy and entropy measurements, proposing the concept
and measurement of fuzzy-stochastic entropy that is applicable to
all areas of knowing under human cognitive limitations over the
epistemological space. The book builds on two previous monographs
by the same author concerning theories of info-statics and
info-dynamics, to deal with identification and transformation
problems respectively. The theoretical framework is developed by
using the toolboxes such as those of the principle of opposites,
systems of actual-potential polarities and negative-positive
dualities, under different cost-benefit time-structures. The
category theory and the fuzzy paradigm of thought, under
methodological constructionism-reductionism duality, are used in
the fuzzy-stochastic and cost-benefit spaces to point to directions
of global application in knowing, knowledge and decision-choice
actions. Thus, the book is concerned with a general theory of
entropy, showing how the fuzzy paradigm of thought is developed to
deal with the problems of qualitative-quantitative uncertainties
over the fuzzy-stochastic space, which will be applicable to
conditions of soft-hard data, fact, evidence and knowledge over the
spaces of problem-solution dualities, decision-choice actions in
sciences, non-sciences, engineering and planning sciences to
abstract acceptable information-knowledge elements.
It is necessary to practice methodological doubt, like Descartes,
in - der to loosen the hold of mental habits; and it is necessary
to cultivate logical imagination, in order to have a number of
hypotheses at c- mand, and not to be the slave of the one which
common sense has r- dered easy to imagine. These two processes, of
doubting the familiar and imagining the unfamiliar, are corrective,
and form the chief part of the mental training required for a
philosopher. Bertrand Russell At every stage and in all
circumstances knowledge is incomplete and provisional, conditioned
and limited by the historical circumstances under which it was
acquired, including the means and methods used for gaining it and
the historically conditioned assumptions and categories used in the
formulation of ideas and conclusions. Maurice Cornforth This
monograph is the second in the series of meta-theoretic analysis of
fuzzy paradigm and its contribution and possible contribution to
formal reasoning in order to free the knowledge production process
from the ridge frame of the classical paradigm that makes its
application to soft and inexact sciences d- ficult or irrelevant.
The work in the previous monograph was strictly devoted to problems
of theory of knowledge and critique of classical, bounded and other
rationalities in decision-choice processes regarding the principles
of verification, falsification or corroboration in knowledge
production. This monograph deals mostly with epistemic
decision-choice models and theories and how they are related to
both the classical and fuzzy paradigms.
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