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Current debate in cognitive science, from robotics to analysis of
vision, deals with problems like the perception of form, the
structure and formation of mental images and their modelling, the
ecological development of artificial intelligence, and cognitive
analysis of natural language. It focuses in particular on the
presence of a hierarchy of intellectual constructions in different
formats of representation. These diverse approaches, which share a
common assumption of the inner nature of representation, call for a
new epistemology - even a new psychophysics - based on a theory of
reference which is intrinsically cognitive. As a contribution to
contemporary research, the reading presents the core of theories
developed in Central Europe between the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries by philosophers, physicists, psychologists and
semanticists who shared a dynamic approach and a pronounced concern
with problems of interaction and dependence. These theories offer
innovative solutions to some of the epistemological and
philosophical problems currently at the centre of debate, like
part-whole, theory of relations, and conceptual and linguistic
categorization.
The central idea developed by the contributions to this book is
that the split between analytic philosophy and phenomenology -
perhaps the most impor tant schism in twentieth-century philosophy
- resulted from a radicalization of reciprocal partialities. Both
schools of thought share, in fact, the same cultural background and
their same initial stimulus in the thought of Franz Brentano. And
one outcome of the subsequent rift between them was the oblivion
into which the figure and thought of Brentano have fallen. The
first step to take in remedying this split is to return to Brentano
and to reconstruct the 'map' of Brent ani sm. The second task
(which has been addressed by this book) is to revive inter est in
the theoretical complexity of Brentano' s thought and of his pupils
and to revitalize those aspects that have been neglected by
subsequent debate within the various movements of Brentanian
inspiration. We have accordingly decided to organize the book into
two introductory es says followed by two sections (Parts 1 and 2)
which systematically examine Brentano's thought and that of his
followers. The two introductory essays re construct the reasons for
the 'invisibility', so to speak, of Brentano and set out of his
philosophical doctrine. Part 1 of the book then ex the essential
features amines six of Brentano's most outstanding pupils (Marty,
Stumpf, Meinong, Ehrenfels, Husserl and Twardowski). Part 2
contains nine essays concentrating on the principal topics
addressed by the Brentanians."
Current debate in cognitive science, from robotics to analysis of
vision, deals with problems like the perception of form, the
structure and formation of mental images and their modelling, the
ecological development of artificial intelligence, and cognitive
analysis of natural language. It focuses in particular on the
presence of a hierarchy of intellectual constructions in different
formats of representation. These diverse approaches, which share a
common assumption of the inner nature of representation, call for a
new epistemology - even a new psychophysics - based on a theory of
reference which is intrinsically cognitive. As a contribution to
contemporary research, the reading presents the core of theories
developed in Central Europe between the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries by philosophers, physicists, psychologists and
semanticists who shared a dynamic approach and a pronounced concern
with problems of interaction and dependence. These theories offer
innovative solutions to some of the epistemological and
philosophical problems currently at the centre of debate, like
part-whole, theory of relations, and conceptual and linguistic
categorization.
impossible triangle, after apprehension of the perceptively given
mode of being of that 'object', the visual system assumes that all
three sides touch on all three sides, whereas this happens on only
one side. In fact, the sides touch only optically, because they are
separate in depth. In Meinong's words, Penrose's triangle has been
inserted in an 'objective', or in what we would today call a
"cognitive schema." Re-examination of the Graz school's theory, as
said, sheds light on several problems concerning the theory of
perception, and, as Luccio points out in his contribution to this
book, it helps to eliminate a number of over-simplistic
commonplaces, such as the identification of the cognitivist notion
of 'top down' with Wertheimer's 'von oben unten', and of 'bottom
up' with his 'von unten nach oben'. In fact, neither Hochberg's and
Gregory's 'concept-driven' perception nor Gibson's 'data-driven'
perception coincide with the original conception of the Gestalt.
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