This Handbook provides a comprehensive treatment of basic and more advanced research methodologies in applied linguistics and offers a state-of-the-art review of methods particular to various domains within the field. Arranged thematically in 4 parts, across 41 chapters, it covers a range of research approaches, presents current perspectives, and addresses key issues in different research methods, such as designing and implementing research instruments and techniques, and analysing different types of applied linguistics data. Innovations, challenges and trends in applied linguistics research are examined throughout the Handbook. As such it offers an up-to-date and highly accessible entry point into both established and emerging approaches that will offer fresh possibilities and perspectives as well as thorough consideration of best practices. This wide-ranging volume will prove an invaluable resource to applied linguists at all levels, including scholars in related fields such as language learning and teaching, multilingualism, corpus linguistics, critical discourse analysis, discourse analysis and pragmatics, language assessment, language policy and planning, multimodal communication, and translation.

Advancing Quantitative Methods in Second Language Research is the first hands-on guide to conducting advanced research methods in the fields of applied linguistics and second language studies. While a number of texts discuss basic quantitative research methodology, none focus exclusively on providing coverage of alternative advanced statistical procedures in second language studies from a practical approach. The text is bookended by discussions of these advanced procedures in the larger context of second language studies, debating their strengths, weaknesses, and potential for further research; the remaining chapters are how-to sections, each chapter following the same organization, on a wide variety of advanced research methods. By offering much-needed coverage on advanced statistical concepts and procedures, with an eye toward real-world implementation, Advancing Quantitative Methods in Second Language Research enhances the methodological repertoire of graduate students and researchers in applied linguistics and second language studies. For additional content, visit: http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/ldp3/AQMSLR.html

Advancing Quantitative Methods in Second Language Research is the first hands-on guide to conducting advanced research methods in the fields of applied linguistics and second language studies. While a number of texts discuss basic quantitative research methodology, none focus exclusively on providing coverage of alternative advanced statistical procedures in second language studies from a practical approach. The text is bookended by discussions of these advanced procedures in the larger context of second language studies, debating their strengths, weaknesses, and potential for further research; the remaining chapters are how-to sections, each chapter following the same organization, on a wide variety of advanced research methods. By offering much-needed coverage on advanced statistical concepts and procedures, with an eye toward real-world implementation, Advancing Quantitative Methods in Second Language Research enhances the methodological repertoire of graduate students and researchers in applied linguistics and second language studies. For additional content, visit: http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/ldp3/AQMSLR.html

This Handbook provides a comprehensive treatment of basic and more advanced research methodologies in applied linguistics and offers a state-of-the-art review of methods particular to various domains within the field. Arranged thematically in 4 parts, across 41 chapters, it covers a range of research approaches, presents current perspectives, and addresses key issues in different research methods, such as designing and implementing research instruments and techniques, and analysing different types of applied linguistics data. Innovations, challenges and trends in applied linguistics research are examined throughout the Handbook. As such it offers an up-to-date and highly accessible entry point into both established and emerging approaches that will offer fresh possibilities and perspectives as well as thorough consideration of best practices. This wide-ranging volume will prove an invaluable resource to applied linguists at all levels, including scholars in related fields such as language learning and teaching, multilingualism, corpus linguistics, critical discourse analysis, discourse analysis and pragmatics, language assessment, language policy and planning, multimodal communication, and translation.

Featuring an extensive set of entries covering all aspects of research methodology, ranging from basic to more advanced topics, this is an essential reference for applied linguists everywhere. Explanations of key concepts and techniques are fully cross-referenced and presented in bite-sized chunks, making it easy for users to look up specific terms quickly or have a brief refresher on methodological practices and related issues. Concepts are further illustrated by real-life examples drawn from current linguistics research. This is ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying applied linguistics or TESOL modules.

Now in a fifth edition, this bestselling introductory textbook remains the cornerstone volume for the study of second language acquisition (SLA). Its chapters have been fully updated, and reorganized where appropriate, to provide a comprehensive yet accessible overview of the field and its related disciplines. In order to reflect current developments, new sections and expanded discussions have been added.

The fifth edition of Second Language Acquisition retains the features that students found useful in previous editions. This edition provides pedagogical tools that encourage students to reflect upon the experiences of second language learners. As with previous editions, discussion questions and problems at the end of each chapter help students apply their knowledge, and a glossary defines and reinforces must-know terminology. This clearly written, comprehensive, and current textbook, by Susan Gass, Jennifer Behney, and Luke Plonsky, is the ideal textbook for an introductory SLA course in second language studies, applied linguistics, linguistics, TESOL, and/or language education programs.

This textbook is supported with a Companion Website containing instructor and student resources including PowerPoint slides, exercises, stroop tests, flashcards, audio and video links: https://routledgetextbooks.com/textbooks/9781138743427/

Table of Contents

Part One: Preliminaries

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 THE STUDY OF SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

1.2 DEFINITIONS

1.3 THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE

1.3.1 Semantics

1.3.2 Pragmatics

1.3.3 Syntax

1.3.4 Morphology and the Lexicon

1.3.5 Sound Systems

1.4 THE NATURE OF NONNATIVE SPEAKER KNOWLEDGE

1.5 CONCLUSION

Chapter Two: Where Do Data Come From?

2.1 DATA TYPES

2.2 LEARNER CORPORA

2.3 DATA ELICITATION

2.3.1 Measuring General Proficiency

2.3.2 Measuring Nonlinguistic Information

2.3.3 Verbal Report Data

2.3.3.1 Think-Alouds

2.3.3.2 Stimulated Recall

2.3.3.3 Post-Production Interviews

2.3.4 Narrative Inquiry

2.3.5 Language-Elicitation Measures

2.3.5.1 Elicited Imitation

2.3.5.2 Judgments

2.3.5.3 Language Games

2.3.5.4 Discourse Completion

2.3.6 PROCESSING DATA

2.3.6.1 Reaction Time

2.3.6.2 Self-paced Reading

2.3.6.3 Eye-Tracking

2.3.6.4 Neurolinguistic Data

2.4 REPLICATION

2.5 META-ANALYSES

2.6 ISSUES IN DATA ANALYSIS

2.7 WHAT IS ACQUISITION?

2.8 CONCLUSION

Part Two: Historical Underpinnings of SLA Research

Chapter Three: The Role of the Native Language - A Historical Overview

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 BEHAVIORISM

3.2.1 Linguistic Background

3.2.2 Psychological Background

3.3 CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS HYPOTHESIS

3.4 ERROR ANALYSIS

3.5 CONCLUSION

Chapter Four: The Transition Period

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

4.2.1 Words

4.2.2 Sounds and Pronunciation

4.2.3 Syntax

4.2.4 Morphology

4.3 CHILD L2 ACQUISITION

4.4 CHILD L2 MORPHEME ORDER STUDIES

4.5 ADULT L2 MORPHEME ORDER STUDIES

4.6 THE MONITOR MODEL

4.6.1 The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

4.6.2 The Natural Order Hypothesis

4.6.3 The Monitor Hypothesis

4.6.4 The Input Hypothesis

4.6.5 The Affective Filter Hypothesis

4.6.6 Limitations

4.7 CONCLUSION

Chapter Five: Alternative Approaches to the Role of Previously Known Languages

5.1 REVISED PERSPECTIVES ON THE ROLE OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE

5.1.1 Avoidance

5.1.2 Differential Learning Rates

5.1.3 Different Paths

5.1.4 Overproduction

5.1.5 Predictability/Selectivity

5.1.6 L1 Influences in L2 Processing

5.1.7 Morpheme Order

5.2 CONCLUSION

Part Three: A Focus on Form - Language Universals

Chapter Six: Formal Approaches to SLA

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR

6.2.1 Initial State

6.2.1.1Fundamental Difference Hypothesis

6.2.1.2Access to UG Hypothesis

6.2.2 UG Principles

6.2.3 UG Parameters

6.2.4 Minimalist Program

6.2.5 Falsification

6.3 TRANSFER: THE GENERATIVE/UG PERSPECTIVE

6.3.1 Levels of Representation

6.3.2 Clustering

6.3.3 Learnability

6.4 THE FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE HYPOTHESIS REVISED

6.5 SEMANTICS AND THE SYNTAX–SEMANTICS INTERFACE HYPOTHESIS

6.5.1 Semantics

6.5.2 Syntax and Semantics: The Interface Hypothesis

6.6 PHONOLOGY

6.6.1 Markedness Differential Hypothesis

6.6.2 Similarity/Dissimilarity: Speech Learning Model

6.6.3 Optimality Theory

6.6.4 Ontogeny Phylogeny Model

6.7 CONCLUSION

Chapter Seven: Typological Approaches

7.1 TYPOLOGICAL UNIVERSALS

7.1.1 Test Case I: The Accessibility Hierarchy

7.1.2 Test Case II: The Acquisition of Questions

7.1.3 Test Case III: Voiced/Voiceless Consonants

7.2 FALSIFIABILITY

7.3 TYPOLOGICAL UNIVERSALS: CONCLUSION

7.4 TYPOLOGICAL PRIMACY MODEL

7.5 THE ROLE OF THE L1: THREE APPROACHES

7.6 CONCLUSION: GENERAL COMMENTS ABOUT UNIVERSALS

Part Four: A Focus on Meaning

Chapter Eight: Meaning-based Approaches

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 FUNCTIONAL APPROACHES

8.2.1 The Relationship between Form and Function: Form-to-Function

8.2.2 Concept-oriented Approach

8.3 TENSE AND ASPECT: THE ASPECT HYPOTHESIS

8.4 THE DISCOURSE HYPOTHESIS

8.5 CONCLUSION

Chapter Nine: The Lexicon

9.1 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LEXICON

9.2 LEXICAL KNOWLEDGE: WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO KNOW A WORD?

9.2.1 Production and Reception

9.2.2 Knowledge and Control

9.2.3 Breadth and Depth

9.2.4 Subcategorization

9.2.5 Word Associations and Networks

9.2.6 Word Formation

9.2.7 Formulaic Language, Collocations, and Chunking

9.2.7.1 Use of Multiword Units

9.2.7.2 Learning of Multiword Units

9.2.7.3 Processing of Multiword Units

9.3 INFLUENCES ON L2 VOCABULARY AND DEVELOPMENT

9.3.1 The Role of the L1

9.3.2 Incidental Vocabulary Learning

9.3.2.1 Input Type

9.3.2.2 What Helps Learning?

9.3.3 Depth of Processing

9.3.4 Incremental Vocabulary Learning

9.4 USING LEXICAL SKILLS

9.4.1 Production

9.4.2 Perception

9.5 CONCLUSION

Part Five: Cognitive and Processing Approaches to SLA

Chapter Ten: Psycholinguistic Approaches to Learning

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 MODELS OF LANGUAGE PRODUCTION

10.3 PROCESSABILITY THEORY

10.4 PROCESSING OF INPUT

10.4.1 Input Processing

10.4.2 Processing Determinism

10.4.3 Autonomous Induction Theory

10.4.4 Shallow Structure Hypothesis

10.5 EMERGENTIST MODELS

10.5.1 Competition Model

10.5.2 Frequency-based Accounts

10.6 COMPLEX DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

10.7 SKILL ACQUISITION THEORY

10.8 CONCLUSION

Chapter Eleven: Psycholinguistic Constructs and Knowledge Types

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 INFORMATION PROCESSING

11.2.1 Automaticity

11.2.2 Restructuring

11.2.3 U-shaped Learning

11.2.4 Attention

11.2.5 Working Memory

11.2.6. Salience

11.2.7 Priming

11.3 KNOWLEDGE TYPES

11.3.1 Acquisition/Learning

11.3.2 Declarative/Procedural

11.3.3 Implicit/Explicit

11.3.4 Representation/Control

11.4 INTERFACE OF KNOWLEDGE TYPES

11.4.1 No Interface

11.4.2 Weak Interface

11.4.3 Strong Interface

11.5 CONCLUSION

Part Six: The Social Environment of Learning

Chapter Twelve: Interlanguage in Context

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACHES

12.2.1 Mediation

12.2.2 Internalization

12.2.3 Zone of Proximal Development

12.2.4 Private Speech

12.2.5 Learning in a Sociocultural Framework

12.2.6 Gesture and SLA

12.3 SOCIOLINGUISTIC VARIATION

12.4 SYSTEMATIC VARIATION

12.4.1 Linguistic Context

12.4.2 Social Context Relating to the Native Language

12.4.3 Social Context Relating to Interlocutor, Task Type, and Conversational Topic

12.4.4 Sociolinguistic Norms

12.5 CONVERSATION ANALYSIS

12.6 COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

12.7 L2 PRAGMATICS

12.8 CONCLUSION: SLA AND OTHER DISCIPLINES

Chapter Thirteen: Input, Interaction, and Output

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 INPUT

13.3 COMPREHENSION

13.4 INTERACTION

13.5 OUTPUT

13.5.1 Hypothesis Testing

13.5.2 Automaticity

13.5.3 Meaning-based to Grammar-Based Processing

13.6. Feedback

13.6.1 Negotiation

13.6.2 Corrective Feedback

13.6.2.1 Recasts

13.6.2.2 Elicitation

13.6.2.3 Metalinguistic Feedback

13.7 THE ROLE OF INPUT AND INTERACTION IN LANGUAGE LEARNING

13.7.1 The Functions of Input and Interaction

13.7.2 Effectiveness of Feedback

13.7.2.1 Attention

13.7.2.2 Contrast Theory

13.7.2.3 Metalinguistic Awareness

13.7.3 Who Benefits From Interaction: When and Why?

13.8 LIMITATIONS OF INPUT

13.9 CONCLUSION

Chapter Fourteen: Contexts of Language Learning - Classrooms, Study Abroad, and Technology

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 CLASSROOM-BASED INSTRUCTION

14.2.1 Classroom Language

14.2.2 Teachability/Learnability

14.2.3 Focus on Form and Task-based Language Teaching

14.2.3.1 Timing

14.2.3.2 Forms to Focus On

14.2.3.3 Task Design

14.2.3.4 Input Manipulation and Input Enhancement

14.3 COMPLEXITY, ACCURACY, FLUENCY, AND PLANNING

14.4 PROCESSING INSTRUCTION

14.5 UNIQUENESS OF INSTRUCTION

14.6 EFFECTIVENESS OF INSTRUCTION

14.7 SLA AND CLASSROOM PRACTICES

14.8 ADDITIONAL CONTEXTS

14.8.1 Study Abroad

14.8.2 Technology-enhanced Language Learning

14.9 CONCLUSION

Part Seven: The Individual Language Learner

Chapter Fifteen: Learner-internal Influences

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN SLA

15.3 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

15.4 AGE DIFFERENCES

15.5 APTITUDE

15.6 MOTIVATION

15.6.1 Motivation as a Function of Time and Success

15.6.2 Changes over Time

15.6.3 The L2 Motivational Self System

15.6.4 Influence of Success on Motivation and Demotivation

15.7 AFFECT

15.7.1 Anxiety

15.7.2 Other Emotional Variables

15.8 PERSONALITY

15.8.1 Extroversion and Introversion

15.8.2 Grit

15.9 LEARNING STRATEGIES

15.10 CONCLUSION

Chapter Sixteen: Related Disciplines - A Focus on the Multilingual and Multimodal Learner

16.1 INTRODUCTION

16.2 BILINGUAL ACQUISITION

16.3 THIRD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION/MULTILINGUALISM

16.4 HERITAGE LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

16.5 SLA BY THE DEAF/HARD OF HEARING

16.6 CONCLUSION

Part Eight: Conclusion

Chapter Seventeen: An Integrated View of Second Language Acquisition

17.1 AN INTEGRATION OF SUB-AREAS

17.1.1 Apperceived Input

17.1.2 Comprehended Input

17.1.3 Intake

17.1.4 Integration

17.1.5 Output

17.2 CONCLUSION

Now in a fourth edition, this bestselling introductory textbook remains the cornerstone volume for the study of second language acquisition (SLA). Its chapters have been fully updated, and reorganized where appropriate, to provide a comprehensive yet accessible overview of the field and its related disciplines. To reflect current developments, new sections on using learner corpora, semantics and morphosyntax (within formal approaches to SLA), sociocultural approaches, gesture, priming research, and chaos theory have been added. Students will also find expanded discussions of heritage language learning, bilingualism, pragmatics, and much more. The redesigned fourth edition of Second Language Acquisition retains the features that students found useful in the current edition but also provides new pedagogical tools that encourage students to reflect upon the experiences of second language learners. As with previous editions, discussion questions and problems at the end of each chapter help students apply their knowledge, and a glossary defines and reinforces must-know terminology. This clearly-written, comprehensive, and current textbook, by expert Sue Gass, is the ideal textbook for the introductory SLA course in second language studies, applied linguistics, linguistics, TESOL, and language education programs.