Financial crises have been pervasive for many years. Their frequency in recent decades has been double that of the Bretton Woods Period (1945-1971) and the Gold Standard Era (1880-1993), comparable only to the period during the Great Depression. Nevertheless, the financial crisis that started in the summer of 2007 came as a great surprise to most people. What initially was seen as difficulties in the U.S. subprime mortgage market, rapidly escalated and spilled over first to financial markets and then to the real economy. The crisis changed the financial landscape worldwide and its full costs are yet to be evaluated. One important reason for the global impact of the 2007-2009 financial crisis was massive illiquidity in combination with an extreme exposure of many financial institutions to liquidity needs and market conditions. As a consequence, many financial instruments could not be traded anymore, investors ran on a variety of financial institutions particularly in wholesale markets, financial institutions and industrial firms started to sell assets at fire sale prices to raise cash, and central banks all over the world injected huge amounts of liquidity into financial systems. But what is liquidity and why is it so important for firms and financial institutions to command enough liquidity? This book brings together classic articles and recent contributions to this important field of research. It is divided into five parts. These are (i) liquidity and interbank markets; (ii) the public provision of liquidity and regulation; (iii) money, liquidity and asset prices; (iv) contagion effects; (v) financial crises and currency crises. The aim is to provide a comprehensive coverage of role of liquidity in financial crises.

Financial crises have been pervasive for many years. Their frequency in recent decades has been double that of the Bretton Woods Period (1945-1971) and the Gold Standard Era (1880-1993), comparable only to the period during the Great Depression. Nevertheless, the financial crisis that started in the summer of 2007 came as a great surprise to most people. What initially was seen as difficulties in the U.S. subprime mortgage market, rapidly escalated and spilled over first to financial markets and then to the real economy. The crisis changed the financial landscape worldwide and its full costs are yet to be evaluated. One important reason for the global impact of the 2007-2009 financial crisis was massive illiquidity in combination with an extreme exposure of many financial institutions to liquidity needs and market conditions. As a consequence, many financial instruments could not be traded anymore, investors ran on a variety of financial institutions particularly in wholesale markets, financial institutions and industrial firms started to sell assets at fire sale prices to raise cash, and central banks all over the world injected huge amounts of liquidity into financial systems. But what is liquidity and why is it so important for firms and financial institutions to command enough liquidity? This book brings together classic articles and recent contributions to this important field of research. It is divided into five parts. These are (i) liquidity and interbank markets; (ii) the public provision of liquidity and regulation; (iii) money, liquidity and asset prices; (iv) contagion effects; (v) financial crises and currency crises. The aim is to provide a comprehensive coverage of role of liquidity in financial crises.

Die ZU|Schriften bewegen sich im Rahmen der Unterscheidung von Komplexitat und Kontingenz, um die UEberlegung diskutieren zu koennen, dass jede soziale Umgebung ein vernetzter, komplexer Zusammenhang ist, der sich in ein verstehbares und bearbeitbares, orientierendes Format bringen und dabei die kontingente Selektivitat dieses Formats mitreflektieren, sich also organisieren muss, um handlungsfahig zu sein und kritikfahig zu bleiben. Der vorliegende Band nimmt diese UEberlegung als Frage nach der Moeglichkeit ernst, Freiheit und Demokratie zu verbinden. Ist Demokratie eine Form komplexer Freiheit, das heisst vor allem: wird Freiheit durch Demokratie ermoeglicht?Begriffsfragen bestimmen zunachst das Problem einer Freiheit genauer, die komplex ist, weil sie eingeschrankt ist, ohne festgelegt zu sein. Den Herausforderungen, die sich aus dieser spezifisch modernen Freiheitsform ergeben, gehen Verstandigungsfragen und Machtfragen nach; sie suchen nach den Formen der Freiheit in demokratisch verfassten Ordnungen und sehen sich auch die politischen Risiken an, die durch ein Wechselspiel von Vereinfachung und Verkomplizierung in massenmedialen OEffentlichkeiten, rechtlichen Verfahren und hierarchischen Organisationen entstehen koennen. Kann die Komplexitat der sozialen Welt so sehr anwachsen, dass Ordnungsbedurfnisse unbefriedigt bleiben? Kann die Kontingenz der sozialen Ordnung zu derart uberfordernden Ungewissheiten und Unsicherheiten fuhren, dass nostalgische Blindheiten wie Zukunftsversprechen begrusst werden?

Marcel Tyrell zeigt, dass das wesentliche Unterscheidungsmerkmal von Kapitalmarkten und Banken ihre Art der Informationsverarbeitung ist: Kapitalmarkte externalisieren Information, d.h., wertbestimmende Informationen uber Kapitalmarkttitel werden durch den Preismechanismus oeffentlich gemacht. Banken hingegen verarbeiten Informationen uber ihre Kreditnehmer intern, d.h., sie werden zur Loesung bzw. zur Abschwachung von Informations- und Anreizproblemen genutzt und bewusst nicht nach aussen gegeben.