This book presents MOSFET-based current mode logic (CML) topologies, which increase the speed, and lower the transistor count, supply voltage and power consumption. The improved topologies modify the conventional PDN, load, and the current source sections of the basic CML gates. Electronic system implementation involves embedding digital and analog circuits on a single die shifting towards mixed-mode circuit design. The high-resolution, low-power and low-voltage analog circuits are combined with high-frequency complex digital circuits, and the conventional static CMOS logic generates large current spikes during the switching (also referred to as digital switching noise), which degrade the resolution of the sensitive analog circuits via supply line and substrate coupling. This problem is exacerbated further with scaling down of CMOS technology due to higher integration levels and operating frequencies. In the literature, several methods are described to reduce the propagation of the digital switching noise. However, in high-resolution applications, these methods are not sufficient. The conventional CMOS static logic is no longer an effective solution, and therefore an alternative with reduced current spikes or that draws a constant supply current must be selected. The current mode logic (CML) topology, with its unique property of requiring constant supply current, is a promising alternative to the conventional CMOS static logic.

This book presents MOSFET-based current mode logic (CML) topologies, which increase the speed, and lower the transistor count, supply voltage and power consumption. The improved topologies modify the conventional PDN, load, and the current source sections of the basic CML gates. Electronic system implementation involves embedding digital and analog circuits on a single die shifting towards mixed-mode circuit design. The high-resolution, low-power and low-voltage analog circuits are combined with high-frequency complex digital circuits, and the conventional static CMOS logic generates large current spikes during the switching (also referred to as digital switching noise), which degrade the resolution of the sensitive analog circuits via supply line and substrate coupling. This problem is exacerbated further with scaling down of CMOS technology due to higher integration levels and operating frequencies. In the literature, several methods are described to reduce the propagation of the digital switching noise. However, in high-resolution applications, these methods are not sufficient. The conventional CMOS static logic is no longer an effective solution, and therefore an alternative with reduced current spikes or that draws a constant supply current must be selected. The current mode logic (CML) topology, with its unique property of requiring constant supply current, is a promising alternative to the conventional CMOS static logic.

Analog design has historically been viewed as a voltage dominated form of signal processing. Advances in process technology have brought about new circuit and system techniques which successfully exploit current as the main operating parameter. Ever shrinking feature size of devices on ICs and consequential reduction of power supply voltage can be handled by operating in the current domain. Thus current mode signal processing has resulted in emergence of numerous analog building blocks and operational transresistance amplifier (OTRA) is one among those. Both input and output terminals of the OTRA are characterized by low impedance resulting in circuits that are insensitive to stray capacitances. Using current feedback techniques OTRAs have a bandwidth almost independent of closed-loop voltage gain. This book presents design of OTRA based analog controllers. Extensive literature survey on integrated circuit implementations of OTRA has been included. The simulations have been performed using 0.18 micron MOSIS (AGILENT) CMOS technology parameters. This book will be especially useful to analog designers, researchers, and students pursuing masters program in analog signal processing.

A lot of research is being impended in the area of current-mode design techniques since last few decades. The evolution of modern applications of analog signal processing has led to this trend of current mode, where signals representing the information are in the form of electric currents. Current-mode design offers inherent flexibility when designing low power circuits operating at extremely low power supplies. This book explores an interesting concept of the designing of current-mode wave filter. An extensive literature survey of the current mode building blocks has been included with particular attention to Current conveyors. Specific wave equivalent of an inductor in a series branch has been realized using current conveyor blocks. The wave active equivalent of passive elements has also been realized. An implementation of a third-order filter transfer function using Current conveyor based wave equivalents has been carried out. The simulations have been performed using 0.18 micron TSMC CMOS technology parameters.

Since the development of voltage opamp, it has become the main analog building block in developing various analog signal processing circuits. However, the recent advances in IC technology have paid importance to the usefulness of current mode analog building blocks, such as current conveyors, as they possess many unique and attractive characteristics over their voltage mode counterparts. This book discusses the development of current conveyors, its translinear implementation, conversion of opamp to current conveyor based circuits. Filter is very important signal processing circuit, specially for communication, instrumentation etc. In this book a number of filter configurations have been developed with fewer active and passive components and/or improved filter performance parameters. The performance of the filters has been analyzed in terms of various parameters such as responses, bandwidth, sensitivities, power consumption, distortion etc. The effect of nonidealities and its minimization technique have also been discussed. The material presented in this book will be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students, researcher and circuit designer in the field of IC analog filt