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First published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor &
Francis, an informa company.
First Published in 1998. This is Volume XVIII, the final of
eighteen in the Sociology of Behaviour and Psychology series.
Initially written in 1957, this book deals centrally with the
concepts of 'normal' and 'abnormal' in human personality and
behaviour. It seeks to establish whether one or the other of these
can be defiled and thereby an absolute measure of man educed.
The theory of Boolean algebras was created in 1847 by the English
mat- matician George Boole. He conceived it as a calculus (or
arithmetic) suitable for a mathematical analysis of logic. The form
of his calculus was rather di?erent from the modern version, which
came into being during the - riod 1864-1895 through the
contributions of William Stanley Jevons, Aug- tus De Morgan,
Charles Sanders Peirce, and Ernst Schr. oder. A foundation of the
calculus as an abstract algebraic discipline, axiomatized by a set
of equations, and admitting many di?erent interpretations, was
carried out by Edward Huntington in 1904. Only with the work of
Marshall Stone and Alfred Tarski in the 1930s, however, did Boolean
algebra free itself completely from the bonds of logic and become a
modern mathematical discipline, with deep theorems and -
portantconnections toseveral otherbranchesofmathematics,
includingal- bra,analysis, logic, measuretheory, probability
andstatistics, settheory, and topology. For instance, in logic,
beyond its close connection to propositional logic, Boolean algebra
has found applications in such diverse areas as the proof of the
completeness theorem for ?rst-order logic, the proof of the Lo ' s
conjecture for countable ? rst-order theories categorical in power,
and proofs of the independence of the axiom of choice and the
continuum hypothesis ? in set theory. In analysis, Stone's
discoveries of the Stone-Cech compac- ?cation and the
Stone-Weierstrass approximation theorem were intimately connected
to his study of Boolean algebras.
Are human misery, poverty and despair a result of personal
inadequacy or social injustice? Therefore is the solution to these
problems psychotherapy or political action? In one of the most
important books on social work for a decade, Paul Halmos tries to
resolve a dilemma which many social workers experience acutely -
the conflict between a desire to help those in need and a fear
that, by doing so, they merely support a political system which
should, itself, be changed. Such a dilemma was highlighted during
the sixties when 'casework' and personal counselling became
discredited by the 'rediscovery' of widespread poverty and
inequality in western society. To many the only solution seemed to
be urgent and radical political action. For Professor Halmos the
realities are more complex - an exclusive preoccupation with either
personal or political solutions is unlikely to prove fruitful -
what is needed is a dual sensitivity and balance. Yet for the
author it is the political solution which carries within it the
greater risk and he warns of the dangers inherent in the total
politicization of social concerns. He argues that social action can
become political action and ultimately political control.
First Published in 1998. This is Volume IV of eighteen in the
Sociology of Behaviour and Psychology series This is a study of
social isolation, plus its causes. Written in 1952 rather than just
ask what is wrong with the state of the world today, Dr Halmos
turns to scientific analysis, constructive criticism and positive
suggestion has he passes from study of basic social forces, through
historical and empirical investigations, to the practical problems
of reform and therapy. He has penetrated below the facile
generalisations of common experience by distinguishing between
neurotic types -the anxious, the depressed and the hysterical-and
studying the different ways in which each is related to social
isolation or participation.
First Published in 1998. This is Volume XVIII, the final of
eighteen in the Sociology of Behaviour and Psychology series.
Initially written in 1957, this book deals centrally with the
concepts of 'normal' and 'abnormal' in human personality and
behaviour. It seeks to establish whether one or the other of these
can be defiled and thereby an absolute measure of man educed.
Are human misery, poverty and despair a result of personal
inadequacy or social injustice? Therefore is the solution to these
problems psychotherapy or political action? In one of the most
important books on social work for a decade, Paul Halmos tries to
resolve a dilemma which many social workers experience acutely -
the conflict between a desire to help those in need and a fear
that, by doing so, they merely support a political system which
should, itself, be changed. Such a dilemma was highlighted during
the sixties when 'casework' and personal counselling became
discredited by the 'rediscovery' of widespread poverty and
inequality in western society. To many the only solution seemed to
be urgent and radical political action. For Professor Halmos the
realities are more complex - an exclusive preoccupation with either
personal or political solutions is unlikely to prove fruitful -
what is needed is a dual sensitivity and balance. Yet for the
author it is the political solution which carries within it the
greater risk and he warns of the dangers inherent in the total
politicization of social concerns. He argues that social action can
become political action and ultimately political control.
The theory of Boolean algebras was created in 1847 by the English
mat- matician George Boole. He conceived it as a calculus (or
arithmetic) suitable for a mathematical analysis of logic. The form
of his calculus was rather di?erent from the modern version, which
came into being during the - riod 1864-1895 through the
contributions of William Stanley Jevons, Aug- tus De Morgan,
Charles Sanders Peirce, and Ernst Schr. oder. A foundation of the
calculus as an abstract algebraic discipline, axiomatized by a set
of equations, and admitting many di?erent interpretations, was
carried out by Edward Huntington in 1904. Only with the work of
Marshall Stone and Alfred Tarski in the 1930s, however, did Boolean
algebra free itself completely from the bonds of logic and become a
modern mathematical discipline, with deep theorems and -
portantconnections toseveral otherbranchesofmathematics,
includingal- bra,analysis, logic, measuretheory, probability
andstatistics, settheory, and topology. For instance, in logic,
beyond its close connection to propositional logic, Boolean algebra
has found applications in such diverse areas as the proof of the
completeness theorem for ?rst-order logic, the proof of the Lo ' s
conjecture for countable ? rst-order theories categorical in power,
and proofs of the independence of the axiom of choice and the
continuum hypothesis ? in set theory. In analysis, Stone's
discoveries of the Stone-Cech compac- ?cation and the
Stone-Weierstrass approximation theorem were intimately connected
to his study of Boolean algebras.
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