In the 21st century, typhoid fever afflicts over 21 million people each year, primarily in underdeveloped countries. In the age before sanitation and antibiotics, the infection was even more devastating, crippling entire armies and claiming the lives of both rich and poor. The story of typhoid is in many ways the story of modern medicine itself, with early efforts at treatment and prevention paving the way for our understanding of infectious disease in general. Many sought to understand and control the disease, including Robert Koch and Walter Reed. There were unsung heroes as well: Pierre Louis and William Gerhard, among the first to identify the disease's unique nature; William Budd, whose studies demonstrated its transmission through feces; and Georges Widal, whose test for the disease continues to be used in some areas. This book chronicles the fight against typhoid in the words of these and other medical pioneers, showing how far we have come and how far we have yet to go.

During the mid to late 19th century, Detroit and the American Midwest were the sites of five major cholera epidemics. The first of these, the 1832 outbreak, was of particular significance - an unexpected consequence of the Black Hawk War. In order to suppress the American Indian uprising then taking place in regions around present-day Illinois, General Winfield Scott had been ordered by President Andrew Jackson to transport his troops from Virginia to the Midwest. While passing through New York State the men were exposed to cholera, and then transmitted the disease to the population of Detroit once they reached that city. As a result, cholera was established as an endemic disease in the upper Midwest. Further outbreaks took place in 1834, 1849, 1854 and 1866, ultimately resulting in the deaths of hundreds of individuals. Only the efforts of local health authorities prevented mortality from reaching the level of that in other cities along the Mississippi. This book is the story of those outbreaks and the efforts to control them.

During bacteriology's Golden Age (roughly 1870-1890) European physicians focused on the role of bacteria as causal agents of disease. Advances in microscopy and laboratory methodology - including the ability to isolate and identify micro-organisms - played critical roles. Robert Koch, the most well known of the European researchers for his identification of anthrax, tuberculosis and cholera, established in Germany the first teaching laboratory for training physicians in the new methods. Bacteriology was largely absent in early U.S. medical schools. Dozens of American physicians-in-training enrolled in Koch's course in Germany and many established bacteriology courses upon their return. This book highlights those who became acknowledged leaders in the field and whose work remains influential.

All that is required for you to be a winner in your life and in the stock market can be found between the covers of this book. In the personal and in the financial arenas, living longer should make you better. The ability to be dedicated about winning and disciplining your mind to be constantly happy is quite a simple formula, and for the first time is indelibly etched herein. Now you have the opportunity at a young age to know how joyful and rewarding your life can be.

Victor Vaughan's career at the University of Michigan spanned more than four decades, beginning with his graduate studies in physiological chemistry during the 1870s and ending in 1921 with his retirement after three decades as dean of the medical school. Not only was he instrumental in modernizing medical training at Michigan, his work in areas of hygiene, epidemiology and the study of toxins and infectious disease was highly regarded on the national scene. Twice he was called upon to serve his country in times of crisis. During the Spanish-American War he was a key member of the Typhoid Commission which investigated the outbreak of the life-threatening fever among army recruits in southern camps. During World War I, he was a member of the medical board within the Council of National Defense contended with an unprecedented influenza outbreak. Vaughan's professional work included more than 250 published papers and some 17 books, many that outlined laboratory techniques which modernized the newly evolving field of bacteriology.