Over the last ten years, much effort has been devoted to improving the biophysical techniques used in the study of viruses. This has resulted in the visualization of these large macromolecular assemblages at atomic level, thus providing the platform for functional interpretation and therapeutic design. Structural Virology covers a wide range of topics and is split into three sections. The first discusses the vast biophysical methodologies used in structural virology, including sample production and purification, confocal microscopy, mass spectrometry, negative-stain and cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The second discusses the role of virus capsid protein structures in determining the functional roles required for receptor recognition, cellular entry, capsid assembly, genome packaging and mechanisms of host immune system evasion. The last section discusses therapeutic strategies based on virus protein structures, including the design of antiviral drugs and the development of viral capsids as vehicles for foreign gene delivery. Each topic covered will begin with a review of the current literature followed by a more detailed discussion of experimental procedures, a step in the viral life cycle, or strategies for therapeutic development. With contributions from experts in the field of structural biology and virology this exceptional monograph will appeal to biomedical scientists involved in basic and /or applied research on viruses. It also provides up-to-date reference material for students entering the field of structural virology as well as scientists already familiar with the area.

The study of carbonic anhydrase has spanned multiple generations of scientists. Carbonic anhydrase was first discovered in 1932 by Meldrum and Roughton. Inhibition by sulfanilamide was shown in 1940 by Mann and Keilin. Even Hans Krebs contributed to early studies with a paper in 1948 showing the relationship of 25 different sulfonamides to CA inhibition. It was he who pointed out the importance of both the charged and uncharged character of these compounds for physiological experiments. The field of study that focuses on carbonic anhydrase (CA) has exploded in recent years with the identification of new families and isoforms. The CAs are metalloenzymes which are comprised of 5 structurally different families: the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and epsilon classes. The alpha class is found primarily in animals with several isoforms associated with human disease. The beta CAs are expressed primarily in plants and are the most divergent. The gamma CAs are the most ancient. These are structurally related to the beta CAs, but have a mechanism more similar to the alpha CAs. The delta CAs are found in marine algae and diflagellates. The epsilon class is found in prokaryotes in which it is part of the carboxysome shell perhaps supplying RuBisCO with CO2 for carbon fixation. With the excitement surrounding the discovery of disease-related CAs, scientists have redoubled their efforts to better understand structure-function relationships, to design high affinity, isotype-specific inhibitors, and to delineate signaling systems that play regulatory roles over expression and activity. We have designed the book to cover basic information of mechanism, structure, and function of the CA families. The authors included in this book bring to light the newest data with regard to the role of CA in physiology and pathology, across phylums, and in unique environmental niches.

The study of carbonic anhydrase has spanned multiple generations of scientists. Carbonic anhydrase was first discovered in 1932 by Meldrum and Roughton. Inhibition by sulfanilamide was shown in 1940 by Mann and Keilin. Even Hans Krebs contributed to early studies with a paper in 1948 showing the relationship of 25 different sulfonamides to CA inhibition. It was he who pointed out the importance of both the charged and uncharged character of these compounds for physiological experiments. The field of study that focuses on carbonic anhydrase (CA) has exploded in recent years with the identification of new families and isoforms. The CAs are metalloenzymes which are comprised of 5 structurally different families: the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and epsilon classes. The alpha class is found primarily in animals with several isoforms associated with human disease. The beta CAs are expressed primarily in plants and are the most divergent. The gamma CAs are the most ancient. These are structurally related to the beta CAs, but have a mechanism more similar to the alpha CAs. The delta CAs are found in marine algae and diflagellates. The epsilon class is found in prokaryotes in which it is part of the carboxysome shell perhaps supplying RuBisCO with CO2 for carbon fixation. With the excitement surrounding the discovery of disease-related CAs, scientists have redoubled their efforts to better understand structure-function relationships, to design high affinity, isotype-specific inhibitors, and to delineate signaling systems that play regulatory roles over expression and activity. We have designed the book to cover basic information of mechanism, structure, and function of the CA families. The authors included in this book bring to light the newest data with regard to the role of CA in physiology and pathology, across phylums, and in unique environmental niches.

Praise for Dying to Lead "Every Christian who is in a position of leadership needs to read this book Rob McKenna is a stellar researcher who has the unusual knack of being able to communicate his findings in ways that are not only understandable, but engaging and motivating. In my opinion, you run the risk of being dead in the water if you don't read Dying to Lead." -Les Parrott, Ph.D., Founder of RealRelationships.com and Author of Trading Places "The heart felt cry of every Christian leader I know is to somehow move their organization to a level of excellence on a scale that can only be measured in a kingdom scale and economy. Rob McKenna's work provides important language and thinking which advances leadership in new and important ways." -Steven G.W. Moore, Executive Director, The M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust Leaders are visionaries. Leaders are servants. Leaders create results. And says, Rob McKenna, leaders sacrifice. Far too often, sacrifice is missing from our thinking. This book - with its emphasis upon real-life vignettes, biblical insight and personal reflection - redirects us back to the center of true Christian leadership. -Alec Hill, President, Intervarsity Christian Fellowship "I'll say right now that I was deeply moved from reading Dying to Lead, and that I've never read anything quite like it. It is written from the heart, and is both challenging to managers and practical at the same time. Dying to Lead is an important book for managers." -Susan Arnold, Manager, Starbucks Coffee Company Dr. Robert McKenna is Chair of the Department of Industrial/Organizational Psychology at Seattle Pacific University and President of McKenna & Associates. His mission is building character, competence, and calling in today's emerging leaders. He lives in Kirkland, Washington with his wife Jackie and their sons, Aidan and Ryan. For more information got to www.dyingtolead.com

Praise for Dying to Lead "Every Christian who is in a position of leadership needs to read this book Rob McKenna is a stellar researcher who has the unusual knack of being able to communicate his findings in ways that are not only understandable, but engaging and motivating. In my opinion, you run the risk of being dead in the water if you don't read Dying to Lead." -Les Parrott, Ph.D., Founder of RealRelationships.com and Author of Trading Places "The heart felt cry of every Christian leader I know is to somehow move their organization to a level of excellence on a scale that can only be measured in a kingdom scale and economy. Rob McKenna's work provides important language and thinking which advances leadership in new and important ways." -Steven G.W. Moore, Executive Director, The M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust Leaders are visionaries. Leaders are servants. Leaders create results. And says, Rob McKenna, leaders sacrifice. Far too often, sacrifice is missing from our thinking. This book - with its emphasis upon real-life vignettes, biblical insight and personal reflection - redirects us back to the center of true Christian leadership. -Alec Hill, President, Intervarsity Christian Fellowship "I'll say right now that I was deeply moved from reading Dying to Lead, and that I've never read anything quite like it. It is written from the heart, and is both challenging to managers and practical at the same time. Dying to Lead is an important book for managers." -Susan Arnold, Manager, Starbucks Coffee Company Dr. Robert McKenna is Chair of the Department of Industrial/Organizational Psychology at Seattle Pacific University and President of McKenna & Associates. His mission is building character, competence, and calling in today's emerging leaders. He lives in Kirkland, Washington with his wife Jackie and their sons, Aidan and Ryan. For more information got to www.dyingtolead.com