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A variety of techniques have been developed to provide scientific
chronologies of archaeological sites and material culture. These
chronologies underpin the narratives that are generated for
prehistoric and other periods. The application of Bayesian
statistical analysis to scientific chronologies has been hailed as
‘a revolution in understanding’, and has brought renewed
emphasis onto how we generate scientific chronological data, how
these data are applied into wider narratives, and the
epistemological importance of these data. This volume will provide
a timely review of the methods, applications and challenges of
applying different scientific dating techniques to archaeological
sites and material culture. It will then provide an introduction to
Bayesian modelling, and highlight a series of considerations in the
application of scientific dating techniques.
The construction of a natural gas pipeline across southern Wales
and into Herefordshire and Gloucestershire between 2005 and 2007
resulted in numerous archaeological discoveries, including sites of
national significance. The project not only produced a wealth of
new archaeological sites, it also generated important radiocarbon
and environmental datasets for the region. The earliest activity is
indicated by worked flint of Mesolithic (or earlier) date, with the
earliest Neolithic communities represented by pits, evidence for
occasional timber houses, and the discovery of a previously unknown
henge. Beaker and Bronze Age settlement and burial remains were
found too, including a rare copper halberd. The excavations also
produced evidence for Early Bronze Age houses and numerous examples
of burnt mounds. Other discoveries comprised much new evidence for
Iron Age settlement (including some in areas of upland), Roman
roads, crop-processing ovens, and ironworking. Rare evidence for
the early medieval period was also found, along with the remains of
later farmsteads and field systems. Moves towards industrialisation
were reflected in the discovery of a brick kiln and
charcoal-burning platforms.
Excavation in advance of engineering works along the M1 from
Junctions 6a to 10 (between Hemel Hempstead and Luton) revealed
significant archaeological remains of wide-ranging date. Important
evidence for late Mesolithic and early Neolithic activity,
including pits, was found at Junction 9, while later prehistoric
features were more widely distributed but less concentrated. Late
Iron Age and Roman features were most common, with significant
rural settlements at Junctions 8 and 9, and further evidence for
trackways and enclosures elsewhere. These sites were of fairly low
status and concerned with mixed agriculture, though incidental
activities included manufacture of puddingstone querns. Occupation
was most intensive in the 1st-2nd centuries AD and on a reduced
scale in the late Roman period. At Junction 8, however, an
east-west trackway apparently survived as a landscape feature and
in the 12th and 13th centuries was adjoined by a ditched enclosure
containing structures belonging to a substantial farmstead.
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