Text extracted from opening pages of book: HINDU PHILOSOPHY TO MY TEACHER HINDU PHILOSOPHY By THEOS BERNARD, Pn. D. PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY New York COPYRIGHT, 1947, BY THE PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY, INC. 15 EAST 40TH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE This book is an attempt to outline the essence of the six classic systems of Hindu Philosophy, namely; Nyaya, VaiSesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta. All other schools of thought are but / ariations of these six. I felt it necessary to present only one additional; chool, namely Ka& mlr Saivism which gives the most detailed analysis ) f the Ultimate Principle; however, it can hardly be fully understood intil the other six systems are comprehended. To understand correctly Hindu Philosophy, it is paramount that me realize that the basis of all the schools is the same. Together they: orm a graduated interpretation of the Ultimate Reality. Each school s based on the same metaphysical doctrine, while discussing some Darticular aspect of the whole. For example: Nyaya discusses the neans by which knowledge may be had of the Ultimate Reality; ai& esika, the things to be known about that Ultimate Reality; Samkhya, the evolution of metaphysical doctrine; Yoga, the meta physical doctrine in relation to the individual; Mrrnamsa, the rules md method of interpreting the doctrine; Vedanta, the relationship Between God, Matter, and the world; and Kamir Saivism, the nature > f the Ultimate Spirit and the Cause of the Initial Impulse. This outline is intended merely to show the interrelationship of these schools and how each assumes the doctrines of the other while it solves its special problem. In this introduction tothe classic philosophical schools of India: here is no attempt to prove or disprove but rather to present the system of each school many eminent scholars have ably discussed: he philosophical implications in full detail. My problem has been me of deciding what would be omitted rather than what should be ncluded. Only the essentials of each system are presented. According to the classic schools of Hindu Philosophy, the method 3y which the individual can evolve himself during this life is through vn VI ii PREFACE the practice of Yoga. This is the universal technique recommended to enable man to acquire actual insight into the true nature of things. All schools agree that until the faith is fortified with understanding, little progress can be made, for knowledge without application is like medicine that is not taken. To aid those who do not have a knowledge of Sanskrit, each term, in most cases, is defined when it is introduced, giving the seed con cept of the word, so that the intended metaphysical idea can be more readily grasped. For future reference a glossary of all important terms has been provided in the hope that it may aid those who wish to read some of the recommended bibliographical material. In the use of the English translation of these technical Sanskrit terms, one is cautioned not to take them literally, for it is impossible to adequately translate them. Various writers have used different translations which will be the source of confusion at first. However, if one learns to use the technical term, he will soon grasp its full connotation. This work is a synthesis rather than an original contribution. In its preparation, I have relied extensively upon the writings of recognized authorities on Hindu Philosophy. For the sake of simplification, I have avoided extensive use of quotations and footnotes, and I have made use of the traditional chronology throughout without comment. In conclusion, I wish to express my gratitude to those authors, listed in the bibliography, from whose works I have drawn. Special mention should be made of two outstanding guides: Indian Philoso phy by S. Radhakrishnan, and A History of Indian Philosophy by S. Dasgupta. I am also indebted to Professor Herbert W. Schneider, for many helpful recommendation

ryruwi PENTHOUSE of the GODS A Pilgrimage into the Heart of Tibet and the Sacred City of Lhasa By THEOS BERNARD CHARLES SCRIBNER S SONS NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNERS SONS LTD LONDON To VIOLA CONTENTS. I. ECSTASY I II. THE QUEST 28 III. GYANTSft 62 IV. TOO GOOD TO BE TRUE 91 V. FROM GYANTSfi TO LHASA 124 VI. THE FORBIDDEN CITY 161 VII. SHRINES, AND MORE SHRINES 185 VIII. I AM INITIATED 204 IX. I ESCAPE WITH MY LIFE 221 X. FURTHER EDUCATION OF A LAMA 243 XI. MORE SIGHTS, MORE CEREMONIES 267 XII. SIDELIGHTS AND INSIGHTS 289 XIII. GATHERING UP THE LAST THREADS 310 INDEX 339 ILLUSTRATIONS The white Lama Theos Bernard Frontispiece FACING PAGE Temple worship 6 Worship in the Temple of the Dalai Lama 7 Great mesh screens protect gold images 8 A Deity in the Chamber of Horrois 9 Under the Tibetan Plateau 36 lake among the clouds 37 Head lama of the Kaigyupa Monastery 42 A Tibetan mendicant with his teapot 42 It never pays to poison 43 Asking for alms 43 The author crossing a trail through a cliff 46 My transport winding its way up the Lhasa Valley 47 Resting at the foot of Chumolhari 50 Crossing a i6, ooo-fbot pass 51 One of the guardians at the Gyants6 Monastery 64 Temple carvings and paintings by Lama artists 65 Mural painting of the late Dalai Lama 66 A mural painting of one of their Goddesses 67 fix Illustrations FACING PAGE The Kigu Banner hangs one hour once a year 72 The famous black hat dance 73 Jewelled headdress worn by noblewomen from Tsang province 80 Back view of same headdress 80 Tsarong Lacham of Lhasa 80 Rear view of headdress worn by noblewomen of Central Tibet 80 Jigme 8 Tenna Rajah 81 Tsarong Shap6 8 1 Mary 8x Tibetan children 108 Tibetan children 109 Crossing those mountainousplateaus of solitude 132 A small Tibetan village where author spent the night 133 The Penthouse of the Gods taken from Chakpori 146 Stairways leading into the temple of the Penthouse of the Goda 147 The author before the Holy of Holies 1 50 A street scene in Lhasa 1 51 Presents sent by the government on my arrival 1 66 The author with two of his Tibetan lady friends 167 The author with the Prime Minister of Tibet 167 A Tibetan artist at work 172 A young carver 173 I Illustrations FACING PAGE Lamas reading proof 173 The Dalais printing establishment at the Potala 174 Stacks where wood blocks are kept at the Dalai Lamas printing establishment 175 The golden gargoyle on the roof over the late Dalai Lamas tomb 1 86 A door handle 186 Temple decorations 186 Incense burner and ornaments 187 The author photographing among the Lamas 190 Coppcrwarc made by native craftsmen 191 The author with the King Regent of Tibet 194 Bodyguard of the King Regent 195 The author next to the glowing altar of thousand lights 200 Ceremony at tomb of the late Dalai Lama 201 Trail leading around old Chakpori 214 Shrine of the thousand Buddhas 2x5 The author examining Tibetan manuscripts A Tibetan scholar A Tibetan beggar A moments pause a 37 A daily news bulletin hanging in the bazaar at Lhasa 250 Sounding trumpets from top of the Potala 251 Drcpung Monastery, the largest in the world 256 xi Illustrations FACING PAGE Sunrise service at Drepung Monastery 257 Sera Monastery, second largest in Tibet 278 The four head Lamas of Sera Monastery 279 The author with the lay and Lama officials of the Dalai Lama 316 The author visiting with the Rakasha family 317 Yaks used for transport in Tibet 330 A Tibetan Burial 331Crossing a river m a Tibetan Yak-skin boat 33 x Ganden Monastery, third largest in Tibet 334 A Lama debating 335 The golden image of the coming Buddha 336 A golden image of Buddha 337 A PENTHOUSE OF THE GODS CHAPTER I ECSTASY EE began to stir in the middle of the night, as preparations were being made for the great ceremony. With the dawn I was awakened by the rhythmic beating of drums, the ceaseless drone of sixteen-foot trumpets and the vibrant chant ing of thousands of Lamas, as they filed their way to the slab paved courtyard of the famous temple...

Text extracted from opening pages of book: HINDU PHILOSOPHY TO MY TEACHER HINDU PHILOSOPHY By THEOS BERNARD, Pn. D. PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY New York COPYRIGHT, 1947, BY THE PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY, INC. 15 EAST 40TH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE This book is an attempt to outline the essence of the six classic systems of Hindu Philosophy, namely; Nyaya, VaiSesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta. All other schools of thought are but / ariations of these six. I felt it necessary to present only one additional; chool, namely Ka& mlr Saivism which gives the most detailed analysis ) f the Ultimate Principle; however, it can hardly be fully understood intil the other six systems are comprehended. To understand correctly Hindu Philosophy, it is paramount that me realize that the basis of all the schools is the same. Together they: orm a graduated interpretation of the Ultimate Reality. Each school s based on the same metaphysical doctrine, while discussing some Darticular aspect of the whole. For example: Nyaya discusses the neans by which knowledge may be had of the Ultimate Reality; ai& esika, the things to be known about that Ultimate Reality; Samkhya, the evolution of metaphysical doctrine; Yoga, the meta physical doctrine in relation to the individual; Mrrnamsa, the rules md method of interpreting the doctrine; Vedanta, the relationship Between God, Matter, and the world; and Kamir Saivism, the nature > f the Ultimate Spirit and the Cause of the Initial Impulse. This outline is intended merely to show the interrelationship of these schools and how each assumes the doctrines of the other while it solves its special problem. In this introduction tothe classic philosophical schools of India: here is no attempt to prove or disprove but rather to present the system of each school many eminent scholars have ably discussed: he philosophical implications in full detail. My problem has been me of deciding what would be omitted rather than what should be ncluded. Only the essentials of each system are presented. According to the classic schools of Hindu Philosophy, the method 3y which the individual can evolve himself during this life is through vn VI ii PREFACE the practice of Yoga. This is the universal technique recommended to enable man to acquire actual insight into the true nature of things. All schools agree that until the faith is fortified with understanding, little progress can be made, for knowledge without application is like medicine that is not taken. To aid those who do not have a knowledge of Sanskrit, each term, in most cases, is defined when it is introduced, giving the seed con cept of the word, so that the intended metaphysical idea can be more readily grasped. For future reference a glossary of all important terms has been provided in the hope that it may aid those who wish to read some of the recommended bibliographical material. In the use of the English translation of these technical Sanskrit terms, one is cautioned not to take them literally, for it is impossible to adequately translate them. Various writers have used different translations which will be the source of confusion at first. However, if one learns to use the technical term, he will soon grasp its full connotation. This work is a synthesis rather than an original contribution. In its preparation, I have relied extensively upon the writings of recognized authorities on Hindu Philosophy. For the sake of simplification, I have avoided extensive use of quotations and footnotes, and I have made use of the traditional chronology throughout without comment. In conclusion, I wish to express my gratitude to those authors, listed in the bibliography, from whose works I have drawn. Special mention should be made of two outstanding guides: Indian Philoso phy by S. Radhakrishnan, and A History of Indian Philosophy by S. Dasgupta. I am also indebted to Professor Herbert W. Schneider, for many helpful recommendation

ryruwi PENTHOUSE of the GODS A Pilgrimage into the Heart of Tibet and the Sacred City of Lhasa By THEOS BERNARD CHARLES SCRIBNER S SONS NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNERS SONS LTD LONDON To VIOLA CONTENTS. I. ECSTASY I II. THE QUEST 28 III. GYANTSft 62 IV. TOO GOOD TO BE TRUE 91 V. FROM GYANTSfi TO LHASA 124 VI. THE FORBIDDEN CITY 161 VII. SHRINES, AND MORE SHRINES 185 VIII. I AM INITIATED 204 IX. I ESCAPE WITH MY LIFE 221 X. FURTHER EDUCATION OF A LAMA 243 XI. MORE SIGHTS, MORE CEREMONIES 267 XII. SIDELIGHTS AND INSIGHTS 289 XIII. GATHERING UP THE LAST THREADS 310 INDEX 339 ILLUSTRATIONS The white Lama Theos Bernard Frontispiece FACING PAGE Temple worship 6 Worship in the Temple of the Dalai Lama 7 Great mesh screens protect gold images 8 A Deity in the Chamber of Horrois 9 Under the Tibetan Plateau 36 lake among the clouds 37 Head lama of the Kaigyupa Monastery 42 A Tibetan mendicant with his teapot 42 It never pays to poison 43 Asking for alms 43 The author crossing a trail through a cliff 46 My transport winding its way up the Lhasa Valley 47 Resting at the foot of Chumolhari 50 Crossing a i6, ooo-fbot pass 51 One of the guardians at the Gyants6 Monastery 64 Temple carvings and paintings by Lama artists 65 Mural painting of the late Dalai Lama 66 A mural painting of one of their Goddesses 67 fix Illustrations FACING PAGE The Kigu Banner hangs one hour once a year 72 The famous black hat dance 73 Jewelled headdress worn by noblewomen from Tsang province 80 Back view of same headdress 80 Tsarong Lacham of Lhasa 80 Rear view of headdress worn by noblewomen of Central Tibet 80 Jigme 8 Tenna Rajah 81 Tsarong Shap6 8 1 Mary 8x Tibetan children 108 Tibetan children 109 Crossing those mountainousplateaus of solitude 132 A small Tibetan village where author spent the night 133 The Penthouse of the Gods taken from Chakpori 146 Stairways leading into the temple of the Penthouse of the Goda 147 The author before the Holy of Holies 1 50 A street scene in Lhasa 1 51 Presents sent by the government on my arrival 1 66 The author with two of his Tibetan lady friends 167 The author with the Prime Minister of Tibet 167 A Tibetan artist at work 172 A young carver 173 I Illustrations FACING PAGE Lamas reading proof 173 The Dalais printing establishment at the Potala 174 Stacks where wood blocks are kept at the Dalai Lamas printing establishment 175 The golden gargoyle on the roof over the late Dalai Lamas tomb 1 86 A door handle 186 Temple decorations 186 Incense burner and ornaments 187 The author photographing among the Lamas 190 Coppcrwarc made by native craftsmen 191 The author with the King Regent of Tibet 194 Bodyguard of the King Regent 195 The author next to the glowing altar of thousand lights 200 Ceremony at tomb of the late Dalai Lama 201 Trail leading around old Chakpori 214 Shrine of the thousand Buddhas 2x5 The author examining Tibetan manuscripts A Tibetan scholar A Tibetan beggar A moments pause a 37 A daily news bulletin hanging in the bazaar at Lhasa 250 Sounding trumpets from top of the Potala 251 Drcpung Monastery, the largest in the world 256 xi Illustrations FACING PAGE Sunrise service at Drepung Monastery 257 Sera Monastery, second largest in Tibet 278 The four head Lamas of Sera Monastery 279 The author with the lay and Lama officials of the Dalai Lama 316 The author visiting with the Rakasha family 317 Yaks used for transport in Tibet 330 A Tibetan Burial 331Crossing a river m a Tibetan Yak-skin boat 33 x Ganden Monastery, third largest in Tibet 334 A Lama debating 335 The golden image of the coming Buddha 336 A golden image of Buddha 337 A PENTHOUSE OF THE GODS CHAPTER I ECSTASY EE began to stir in the middle of the night, as preparations were being made for the great ceremony. With the dawn I was awakened by the rhythmic beating of drums, the ceaseless drone of sixteen-foot trumpets and the vibrant chant ing of thousands of Lamas, as they filed their way to the slab paved courtyard of the famous temple...

Who were India s foremost thinkers? What systems did they establish? What problems have agitated the minds of India s philosophers, intellectuals and mystics? Tersely and in pleasing style Dr. Bernard has answered these questions satisfactorily alike to the layman and the special student of India and her philosophic life without effecting a compromise with Western philosophy and its narrow categories. Moreover, the important Kashmir Shaivism, so long omitted from works on Indian Philosophy, has at last been given its due here. In a sense, a major portion of the book is also dictionary a dictionary of Sanskrit philosophical terms, arranged alphabetically, explained as to grammatical construction or composition, and defined, often with emphasis on special meanings within the different types of philosophy. Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, social reformer, and pacifist. Although he spent the majority of his life in England, he was born in Wales, where he also died. Russell led the British "revolt against Idealism" in the early 1900s and is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his protege Wittgenstein and his elder Frege. He co-authored, with A. N. Whitehead, Principia Mathematica, an attempt to ground mathematics on logic. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy." Both works have had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics and analytic philosophy. He was a prominent anti-war activist, championing free trade between nations and anti-imperialism. Russell was imprisoned for his pacifist activism during World War I, campaigned against Adolf Hitler, for nuclear disarmament, criticised Soviet totalitarianism and the United States of America's involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1950, Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought."