In contrast to many other levels of language, there is as yet no comprehensive areal-linguistic description of the segmental phonological properties of the languages of Europe. To complement the synchronic picture of the languages of Europe, it is time to take stock of their phoneme inventories to provide an empirical basis for generalizations about the similarities and dissimilarities of the languages of Europe. The best way to visualize the areal phonology of Europe is that of the Phonological Atlas of Europe (Phon@Europe) which features the isoglosses of phonological phenomena on a plethora of maps. As a prequel to Phon@Europe, this study not only outlines the goals, methodology, sample, and theory of the project but also focuses on loan phonemes whose diffusion across the 210 doculects of the sample yields meaningful patterns. The patterns are indicative of recent processes of convergence which have transformed a diverse phonological mosaic into a superficially homogeneous linguistic area. The developments which have led to the present situation are traced back through the history of the sample languages.

The extant generalizations about the grammar of space rely heavily on the analyses of declarative sentences. There is a need to check whether these generalizations also hold in the domain of interrogation. To this end this book analyzes data from some 450 languages (including non-standard varieties). The focus is on paradigms of spatial interrogatives such as English where, whither and whence and their internal organization. These paradigms are checked for recurrent patterns of morphological mismatches (such as syncretism) and different degrees of complexity (e.g. the number of segments). The data-base consists of a large parallel literary corpus (Le petit prince and translations thereof) which is complemented by further sources of information such as descriptive grammars. The data are analyzed from a synchronic perspective. However, diachronic issues are addressed unsystematically, too. It is shown that the distribution of phenomena which characterize paradigms of spatial interrogatives are subject to areal-linguistic factors. This is the first typological study of spatial interrogatives. It provides new insights for students of the grammar of space, morphological paradigms, and language typology.

On the basis of a world-wide convenience sample of 116 languages, the distribution of zero-marking of spatial relations over the languages of the world is shown to largely escape any genetically, areally and/or typologically based constraints. The main goal of this book is to firmly establish the cross-linguistic occurrence of the zero-marking of spatial relations and to provide a framework for its study in terms of economy and predictability.

Literally hundreds of languages world-wide have experienced direct or indirect Hispanisation during the heyday of the Spanish colonial empire. The number of languages which continue to borrow from Spanish on a daily basis is considerable especially in Latin America. This volume gives the reader a better idea of the range of contact constellations in which Spanish functions as the donor language. Moreover, the contributions to this collection of articles demonstrate that it is not only possible to compare the contact-induced processes in the (Hispanised) languages of Austronesia and the Americas. It is emphasized that one can draw far-reaching conclusions from the presented borrowing facts for the theory of language contact in general. The volume is divided into two sections according to geographical principles: section I is devoted to contacts of Spanish in Latin America. Two contributions look at the Hispanisation of varieties of Nahuatl (Classical Nahuatl studied by Anne Jensen and modern varieties studied by Jose Antonio Flores Farfan). Martina Schrader-Kniffki discusses Spanish-Zapotec contacts and their relations to language mixing and purism. Luciano Giannelli and Raoul Zamponi address the issue of Hispanisms in Kuna, a language from Panama. For South America, Jorge Gomez-Rendon discusses whether or not there are constraints on lexical borrowing from Spanish into Imbabura Quichua. Suzanne Dikker studies the intertwined language Media Lengua in her attempt at redefining the notion of relexification. Section II focuses on the impact of Spanish on the languages of Austronesia and South-East Asia. Steven Roger Fischer shows that the heavy Hispanisation of Rapanui is currently being reverted. Steve Pagel compares Hispanisation processes and their results in the Mariana Islands and on Rapa Nui. The second comparative study is by Patrick O. Steinkruger who reviews a variety of Philippinian languages and their degrees of Hispanisation. The attitudes of native speakers of Chamorro as to Hispanisms is the topic of the study by Rosa Salas Palomo and Thomas Stolz. The volume is especially interesting for students of language contact. But also scholars with a background in Romance linguistics or Hispanic philology will find the assembled articles very useful, as well as Austronesianists and Amerindianists.

Total reduplication is a widely common phenomenon in human languages. Nevertheless, it has not gained sufficient attention among linguists. This monograph demonstrates that the comparative study of total reduplication challenges the traditional notion of linguistic universal. Contrary to the belief that total reduplication is almost completely unknown in the linguistic landscape of Europe, it is shown that a sizable group of European languages make ample use of total reduplication (not only for lexical but also for grammatical purposes). This means that the areal-typological map of the Old Continent has to be modified considerably. With special focus on the situation in Europe, the functional and formal aspects which determine the systematic character of total reduplication are presented according to quantitative and qualitative principles. Their importance for general linguistic theory is elaborated upon. The results are evaluated cartographically. The data are drawn from several hundred languages (standard and nonstandard varieties) world-wide. Methodologically, the study relies on a huge parallel literary corpus. Totale Reduplikation ist ein zu Unrecht in der typologischen Sprachforschung wenig beachtetes Phanomen. In dieser Monographie wird nachgewiesen, dass die sprachvergleichende Erforschung von totaler Reduplikation Konsequenzen fur das allgemeine Verstandnis von sprachlichen Universalien hat. Auch in Europa kann entgegen gangiger Auffassungen totale Reduplikation nachgewiesen werden, wodurch das Bild vom sprachlichen Areal Europa revidiert werden muss. Die funktionale und formale Systematik der totalen Reduplikation wird in qualitativer und quantitativer Hinsicht mit Schwerpunkt auf die europaische Situation detailliert dargestellt und fur die allgemeine Theoriebildung fruchtbar gemacht. Die Ergebnisse werden sprachgeographisch mit Hilfe von Isoglossen ausgewertet. Die Daten stammen aus mehreren Hundert Varietaten weltweit."

This is the first book-length functional-typologically inspired crosslinguistic study of comitatives and related categories such as the instrumental. On the basis of data drawn from 400 languages world-wide (covering all major phyla and areas), the authors test and revise a variety of general linguistic hypotheses about the grammar and cognitive foundations of comitatives. Three types of languages are identified according to the morphological treatment of the comitative and its syncretistic association with other concepts. It is shown that the structural behaviour of comitatives is areally biassed and that the languages of Europe tend to diverge from the majority of the world's languages. This has important repercussions for a language-independent definition of the comitative. The supposed conceptual closeness of comitative and instrumental is discussed in some detail and a semantic map of the comitative is put forward. Markedness is the crucial concept for the evaluation of the relation that ties comitatives and instrumentals to each other. In a separate chapter, the diachrony of comitatives is looked into from the perspective of grammaticalisation research. Throughout the book, the argumentation is richly documented by empirical data. The book contains three case-studies of the comitative in Icelandic, Latvian and Maltese - each of which represents one of the three language types identified earlier in the text. For the purpose of comparing the languages of Europe, a chapter is devoted to the analysis of a large parallel literary corpus (covering 64 languages) which reveals that the parameters of genetic affiliation, areal location and typological classification interact in intricate ways when it comes to predicting whether or not two languages of the sample behave similarly as to the use to which they put their comitative morphemes. With a view to determining the degree of similarity between the languages of the European sub-sample, methods of quantitative typology are employed. General linguists with an interest in case, functional typologists, grammaticalisation researchers and experts of markedness issues will value this book as an important contribution to their respective fields of interest. We regret that, due to a PDF problem, the figure on page 111 is partly shown in black. Please find the correct table here.

Die zwolf Beitrage zu diesem Sammelband legen das Augenmerk auf Variation und Wandel in Lexikon, Morphologie, Syntax und Phonologie des Maltesischen. Verschiedene Aspekte der lektalen Variation werden angesprochen: Die Eigenschaften von Soziolekten, Fachsprachen, regionalen Varietaten und verschiedenen Registern des heutigen Maltesischen werden diskutiert. In mehreren der Artikel werden gegenwartig ablaufende Veranderungen beleuchtet. Dabei wird die Frage gestellt, ob eine typische EU-Varietat des Maltesischen oder eine eigenstandige maltesische Jugendsprache besteht. Nicht alle Phanomene, die mit Variation verbunden sind, lassen sich der soziolinguistischen Sphare zuordnen. Morphosyntaktische Probleme wie die Definition von Klitika, die Kausativ-Inchoativ-Alternation und der Gebrauch des possessivischen Relativsatzes hangen starker mit strukturellen und funktionalen Faktoren zusammen. Suprasegmentalia wie die Pausen im gesprochenen Maltesischen und die Silbenstruktur des Maltesischen werden ebenfalls untersucht. Erganzt werden diese Themen durch Arbeiten zur Dialektologie, Pragmatik und zum literarischen Maltesischen. Die Bandbreite der Themen, die von diesem Sammelband abgedeckt werden, zeigt, dass es sich lohnt, das Maltesische aus dem Blickwinkel der Allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft zu erforschen. The twelve contributions to this collection of articles focus on variation and change in the lexicon, morphology, syntax and phonology of Maltese. Various aspects of lectal variation are addressed: the properties of sociolects, technolects, regional varieties, and different registers of present-day Maltese are discussed. On-going changes are looked at in several of the papers. The questions of whether or not there is a typical Maltese EU-variety or a distinct sociolect spoken by the younger generation are raised. Not all of the phenomena which attest variation can be ascribed to the sociolinguistic sphere. Morpho-syntactic issues like the definition of clitics, the causative-inchoative alternation and the employment of the possessive relative clause are linked more closely to structural and functional factors. Suprasegmental issues like the use of pauses in spoken Maltese and the syllable structure of Maltese are scrutinized as well. These topics are complemented by dialectological studies, investigations of the pragmatics of Maltese and the description of literary Maltese. The range of topics covered in this collection proves that it is worth the while studying Maltese from the perspective of general linguistics."

Dieser Band versammelt zehn Aufsatze, in denen Monosyllaba in verschiedenen Sprachen Asiens, Afrikas und Europas aus unterschiedlichsten Perspektiven betrachtet werden. Einsilber sind in fast allen Sprachen der Welt vertreten. Sprachen wie das Chinesische bevorzugen bekanntermassen diesen Silbentyp. In anderen, wie z. B. den Bantusprachen, muss ein Wort aus mindestens zwei Silben bestehen. In den europaischen Sprachen rucken Einsilber gerade erst in den Fokus linguistischen Interesses. Die Beitrage dieses Bandes beschaftigen sich sowohl mit phonetischen und phonologischen als auch mit morphologischen und funktionalen Aspekten von Einsilbern. Der Fokus richtet sich auf das Zusammenwirken von Silben- und Wortstruktur, wie auch auf die phonologischen und morphologischen Regeln der Wohlgeformtheit. Es wird sowohl die Entwicklung von Einsilbern in Sprachen, die diesen Silbentyp bevorzugen (ostasiatische Sprachen, aber auch Danisch), als auch ihre spezielle Rolle als Ausnahmeform innerhalb des Lexikons und bei speziellen Wortformen wie z.B. den Imperativen diskutiert. Methodisch reicht die Spannweite von experimenteller Phonetik, uber quantitative Linguistik und Analysen von Einzelsprachen bis hin zu grossangelegten typologischen Vergleichen."

Irregularitat als sprachwissenschaftliches Konzept ist bisher nur unzureichend erforscht. Die Aufsatze widmen sich der Irregularitat in der Flexions-, Derivations- und Kompositionsmorphologie und leisten damit einen Beitrag zum besseren Verstandnis von Irregularitat. Untersucht wird, wo Regelhaftigkeit in der Irregularitat liegt, wie regelhafter Lautwandel Irregularitat erzeugt, wie Paradigmen funktionieren (speziell in Bezug auf Suppletivismus und "Overabundance") und wie die irregulare Morphologie mit Syntax und Pragmatik zusammenspielt. Irregularitat wird sowohl aus diachroner als auch aus synchroner Sicht beleuchtet. Einige Studien wahlen eine psycholinguistische Herangehensweise. Untersuchungssprachen reichen von Latein und seinen Tochtersprachen Franzosisch, Katalanisch und Italienisch uber Englisch, Deutsch, Griechisch, Russisch und Turkisch bis hin zu Thompson Salish und einigen irokesischen Sprachen. Die im Sammelband diskutierten Theorien reichen von der kanonischen Typologie uber die Distributed Morphology, die Whole Word Morphology und die Minimalistische Morphologie bis hin zu prozeduralen und deklarativen Modellen."

Diese arealtypologische Studie untersucht die grammatischen Mittel, die in den Sprachen Europas verwendet werden, um den Komparativ der Ungleichheit/Uberlegenheit auszudrucken. Die bestehenden Theorien und Hypothesen uber die morphosyntaktische Struktur und die crosslinguistische Verteilung von Konstruktionstypen werden durchgemustert; das Verhalten von Komparativen unter den Bedingungen des Sprachkontakts wird diskutiert. Dabei werden Daten aus mehr als 170 Standard- und Nichtstandardvarietaten europaischer Sprachen systematisch untersucht. Das synchrone Bild wird um Uberlegungen zur die Diachronie von Komparativkonstruktionen erganzt, die europaischen Fakten zudem mit denen der asiatischen und afrikanischen Regionen verglichen. Es wird dafur argumentiert, dass crosslinguistische Untersuchungen auch so genannte sekundare Optionen berucksichtigen mussen. Diese sekundaren Optionen sprechen dafur, dass die vermeintlich dominante Rolle des Partikelkomparativs fur Europa nicht aufrechterhalten werden kann. Daruber hinaus erlauben es uns nur die sekundaren Optionen, Isoglossen aufzustellen, die die Grenzen zwischen Europa und Asien (sowie Afrika) uberschreiten. This in-depth areal-typological study analyzes the grammatical means which are employed in the languages of Europe to express the comparative of inequality/superiority. The extant theories and hypotheses about the morphosyntactic structure and the cross-linguistic distribution of construction types are reviewed. The behavior of comparatives under the conditions of language contact is discussed. Data from more than 170 standard and nonstandard varieties of European languages are scrutinized systematically. The synchronic picture is complemented by a chapter on the diachrony of comparative constructions. The European facts are compared to those of the geographically adjacent Asian and African regions. It is argued that cross-linguistic investigations must take account also of so-called secondary options. These secondary options suggest strongly that the supposedly dominant role of the particle comparative cannot be upheld for Europe. Moreover, only the secondary options allow us to draw isoglosses which cross the borders between Europe and Asia (and Africa)."

Der vorliegende Band versammelt Beitrage zu fruhen Zeugnissen der Sprachen der Philippinen und Mikronesiens. Tagalog, Bikol, Cebuano, Iloko, Chamorro und andere Sprachen dieses und angrenzender Gebiete werden in dem Sammelband beschrieben. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf den fruhen Grammatiken und Worterbuchern, daraus folgenden Beschreibungen und deren moglichen Wechselwirkungen. In einigen Arbeiten wird dargelegt, wie fortschrittlich einige Grammatiker der philippinischen Sprachen waren und inwieweit sie die Sprachtypologie vorwegnahmen. Der Sammelband ist eine Pionierstudie zur Geschichte der beschreibenden Sprachwissenschaft in Sudostasien und im Westpazifik. Daruber hinaus wird heutigen interessierten Sprechern der beschriebenen Sprachen ein Einblick in die Vergangenheit ihrer Sprachgemeinschaft ermoglicht. The papers assembled in this collection deal with the early linguistic sources on the languages of the Philippines and Micronesia. Tagalog, Bikol, Cebuano, Iloko, Chamorro and sundry languages of the area and beyond are featured in the papers. The focus is on the first descriptive work devoted to these languages and subsequent early treatments and their potential interdependency. Several papers also address the issue of how "modern" the early grammarians of Philippine languages were and to what extent they did typological linguistics avant la lettre. The collection is a pioneer contribution to the history of descriptive linguistics in Southeast Asia and the West Pacific. Moreover it offers a window to the past for the interested members of the modern speech communities of the languages covered by the papers."

This edited volume brings together fourteen original contributions to the on-going debate about what is possible in contact-induced language change. The authors present a number of new vistas on language contact which represent new developments in the field. In the first part of the volume, the focus is on methodology and theory. Thomas Stolz defines the study of Romancisation processes as a very promising laboratory for language-contact oriented research and theoretical work based thereon. The reader is informed about the large scale projects on loanword typology in the contribution by Martin Haspelmath and on contact-induced grammatical change conducted by Jeanette Sakel and Yaron Matras. Christel Stolz reviews processes of gender-assignment to loan nouns in German and German-based varieties. The typology of loan verbs is the topic of the contribution by Soren Wichmann and Jan Wohlgemuth. In the articles by Wolfgang Wildgen and Klaus Zimmermann, two radically new approaches to the theory of language contact are put forward: a dynamic model and a constructivism-based theory, respectively. The second part of the volume is dedicated to more empirically oriented studies which look into language-contact constellations with a Romance donor language and a non-European recipient language. Spanish-Amerindian (Guarani, Otomi, Quichua) contacts are investigated in the comparative study by Dik Bakker, Jorge Gomez-Rendon and Ewald Hekking. Peter Bakker and Robert A. Papen discuss the influence exerted by French on the indigenous languages ofCanada. The extent of the Portuguese impact on the Amazonian language Kulina is studied by Stefan Dienst. John Holm looks at the validity of the hypothesis that bound morphology normally falls victim to Creolization processes and draws his evidence mainly from Portuguese-based Creoles. For Austronesia, borrowings and calques from French still are an understudied phenomenon. Claire Moyse-Faurie's contribution to this topic is thus a pioneer's work. Similarly, Francoise Rose and Odile Renault-Lescure provide us with fresh data on language contact in French Guiana. The final article of this collection by Mauro Tosco demonstrates that the Italianization of languages of the former Italian colonies in East Africa is only weak. This volume provides the reader with new insights on all levels of language-contact related studies. The volume addresses especially a readership that has a strong interest in language contact in general and its repercussions on the phonology, grammar and lexicon of the recipient languages. Experts of Romance language contact, and specialists of Amerindian languages, Afro-Asiatic languages, Austronesian languages and Pidgins and Creoles will find the volume highly valuable.

This collection of articles takes up the issue of Contact Morphology raised by David Wilkins in 1996. In the majority of contact-related studies, morphology is at best a marginal topic. According to the extant borrowing hierarchies, bound morphology is copied only rarely, if at all, because morphological copies presuppose long-term intensive contact with prior massive borrowing of content words and function words. On the other hand, especially in studies of morphological change, contact is often identified as the decisive factor which triggers the disintegration of morphological systems. However, it remains to be seen whether these two standard treatments of morphology in contact situations exhaust the phenomenology of Contact Morphology. The 14 papers of the present volume shed new light on the behavior of morphology under the conditions of language contact. Fresh empirical data from 40 languages world-wide are presented and new theory-based concepts are discussed. Morphologies in Contact is a first in the history of both morphology and language contact studies. It is meant to mark the beginning of an international research program which explores the entire range of aspects connected to morphologies in contact and thus, paves the way for a full-blown Contact Morphology qua linguistic discipline. Dieser Sammelband greift den Begriff der Kontaktmorphologie (Contact Morphology) auf, der 1996 von David Wilkins gepragt wurde. Bisher gehen die meisten Sprachkontaktstudien davon aus, dass morphologische Strukturen selten entlehnt werden, da eine Kopie morphologischer Strukturen einen intensiven und langandauernden Sprachkontakt mit vorausgehender massiver Entlehnung von Lexemen und Funktionswortern voraussetzt. Arbeiten zu morphologischen Veranderungen sehen Sprachkontakt dagegen haufig als entscheidende Ursache fur die Auflosung des morphologischen Systems an. Im vorliegenden Band wird untersucht, inwieweit diese Herangehensweisen der Phanomenologie der Kontaktmorphologie gerecht werden konnen. Die 14 Artikel geben Aufschluss uber die Veranderung morphologischer Strukturen unter Sprachkontaktbedingungen. Es werden empirische Daten aus 40 Sprachen weltweit prasentiert und neue theoretische Konzepte diskutiert. Der Band markiert den Beginn eines internationalen Forschungsprogramms, das Morphologie im Sprachkontakt unter den unterschiedlichsten Blickwinkeln untersucht und so den Weg ebnet fur die Etablierung von Kontaktmorphologie als eigenstandige wissenschaftliche Disziplin."

Dieser Sammelband widmet sich verschiedenen Aspekten eines bislang vernachlassigten Gegenstandes. In der relativ kurzen deutschen Kolonialzeit (1884-1918/20) in Afrika, China und Ozeanien sind buchstablich Hunderte von Texten entstanden, die von den autochthonen Sprachen des deutschen Kolonialreiches handeln. Viele dieser Texte sind niemals in gedruckter Form erschienen. Die Beitrage dieses Bandes zeigen, dass die Linguistik und ihre Geschichtsschreibung aus der grundlichen und kritischen Wurdigung der linguistischen Beitrage, die von Missionaren, Beamten, Militars, Handlern, Siedlern, Reisenden und anderen Personen wahrend der deutschen Kolonialzeit und der revanchistischen Periode zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen geleistet wurden, interessante neue Erkenntnisse gewinnen kann. Das vorliegende Buch markiert den Beginn der Kolonialen und Postkolonialen Linguistik als neues Forschungsprogramm. Die versammelten Beitrage diskutieren verschiedene Aspekte, die mit Sprachen wie Chamorro, Chuuk, Ewe, Ewondo, Kanuri, Khoekowap, Nauruisch und Weskos verbunden sind. Die Rolle des Deutschen in Kiautschou wird ebenfalls beleuchtet. Der kolonialistischen Ideologie wird mit Hilfe der typischen Beispielsatze aus deskriptiven Grammatiken zu Sprachen des deutschen Kolonialreiches in Afrika nachgespurt. Der Sammelband richtet sich an Leser, die sich fur Fragen der Geschichte der deskriptiven Linguistik, der linguistischen Feldforschung und/oder der Typologie interessieren. This edited volume highlights various aspects of a hitherto neglected research topic. During the relatively short period of German colonialism (1884-1918/20) in Africa, China and Oceania, literally hundreds of texts were produced which treat of the indigenous languages of the German colonial empire. Many of these texts have never appeared in print. The contributions are indicative of the wealth of interesting insights (the historiography of) linguistics will gain from a thorough-going (re-)appraisal of the linguistic efforts of missionaries, state employees, military personnel, merchants, settlers, travelers and other individuals during the German colonial rule (and the revanchist inter-war period). The volume marks the beginnings of a new collaborative research program, viz. Colonial and Postcolonial Linguistics. The scholarly articles assembled in this volume discuss various topics related to languages such as Chamorro, Chuuk, Ewe, Ewondo, Kanuri, Khoekowap, Nauruan, Weskos. The role of German in Kiautschou is focused upon, too. The colonialist ideology is traced in the typical examples used in grammar books of the indigenous languages in the African colonies of imperial Germany. The volume addresses a readership with an interest in the history of descriptive linguistics and field-linguistics, language typology, and language ideology."

During the past three decades Norbert Boretzky (born 1935 in Breslau) has contributed excellent scholarly work in an impressive variety of subject matters in various linguistic subdisciplines. Among his many scientific achievements, his groundbreaking research in the field of Pidgin and Creole language studies stands out much in the same way as his well-renowned and well-received publications in Balkan linguistics, Albanian linguistics, Slavic philology, theoretical diachrony, lexical semantics, contact linguistics, language typology, and most recently Romani linguistics. The Festschrift reflects the plethora of interests of Norbert Boretzky to whom his colleagues, disciples, and friends dedicate their contributions.

Der vorliegende Band bietet vielfaltige Herangehensweisen zu den Sprachen der indigenen Volker Amerikas zu den grossen Sprachen (Guarani, Zapotekisch, Otomi, klassisches Aztekisch) ebenso wie zu den kleinen (Moseten, Cabecar). Die Einflusse der amerindischen Sprachen auf die Ideengeschichte der Sprachwissenschaft werden genauso berucksichtigt wie die vielfaltigen Kontaktbeziehungen (vornehmlich zum Spanischen) und Gesichtspunkte der kulturellen Diversitat. Sprachen mit relativ langer Schriftlichkeitstradition stehen neben Sprachen, mit deren Verschriftung erst kurzlich begonnen wurde. Das Analysespektrum reicht von der Synopse grammatischer Gesamtsysteme bis zur Untersuchung von Einzelaspekten aus dem Leben der Sprachen. So wird der thematische Reichtum des Forschungsgebietes umfassend abgebildet. Der Band enthalt sowohl Beitrage, die sich an ein linguistisch-philologisch vorgebildetes Publikum richten, als auch solche, die interessierte Laien ansprechen. Er versammelt die Vortrage des Grundungskolloquiums Europaisches Netzwerk fur Amerindische Linguistik (ENAL), die im Oktober 2009 im Rahmen des Festivals der Sprachen in Bremen gehalten wurden."