Discussing the state of the art research in particle science and technology and their roles in the environment, this book will contain a selection of high quality papers from the UK-China International Particle Technology Forum IV held in Shanghai. Coverage includes a wide range of topics - synthesis and crystallisation, characterisation and measurement across length scales, multi-scale modelling and simulation, processing and handling of particulate system, nanoparticle technology and particle mechanics - making this a valuable reference for the recent advances and future research directions in the field and related fields. With applications in emerging areas, it will integrate different perspectives of particle science and technology to help the understanding of the fundamentals of particle systems for scientists and engineers in the fields of environmental science, energy and modelling.

Liutex and Its Applications in Turbulence Research reviews the history of vortex definition, provides an accurate mathematical definition of vortices, and explains their applications in flow transition, turbulent flow, flow control, and turbulent flow experiments. The book explains the term "Rortex" as a mathematically defined rigid rotation of fluids or vortex, which could help solve many longstanding problems in turbulence research. The accurate mathematical definition of the vortex is important in a range of industrial contexts, including aerospace, turbine machinery, combustion, and electronic cooling systems, so there are many areas of research that can benefit from the innovations described here. This book provides a thorough survey of the latest research in generalized and flow-thermal, unified, law-of-the-wall for wall-bounded turbulence. Important theory and methodologies used for developing these laws are described in detail, including: the classification of the conventional turbulent boundary layer concept based on proper velocity scaling; the methodology for identification of the scales of velocity, temperature, and length needed to establish the law; and the discovery, proof, and strict validations of the laws, with both Reynolds and Prandtl number independency properties using DNS data. The establishment of these statistical laws is important to modern fluid mechanics and heat transfer research, and greatly expands our understanding of wall-bounded turbulence.