During the past several years there has been a shortage of flight opportunities for biological and medical projects. And those that were available usually had severe restrictions on instrumentation, number of subjects, duration, time allotted for performing the experiments, a possibility for repetition of experiments. It is our hope and expectation that this will change once the international Space Station is in full operation. The advantages of a permanent space station, already demonstrated by the Russian Mir station, are continuous availability of expert crew and a wide range of equipment, possibility of long-term experiments where this is waranted, increased numbers of subjects through larger laboratory space, proper controls in the large 1-G centrifuge, easier repeatability of experiments when needed.
The limited number of flight opportunities during recent years probably explains why it has taken so long to acquire a sufficient number of high quality contributions for this seventh volume of Advances in Space Biology and Medicine. While initially the series wassailed at annually appearing volumes, we are now down to a biannual appearance. Hopefully, it will be possible to return to annual volumes in the future when results from space station experimentation at beginning to pour in.
The first three chapters of this volume deal with muscle. Fejtek and Wassersug provide a survey of all studies on muscle of rodents flown in space, and include an interesting demography of this aspect of space research. Riley reviews our current knowledge of the effects of long-term spaceflight and re-entry on skeletal muscle, and considers the questions still to be answered before we can be satisfied that long-term space missions, such as on the space station, can be safely undertaken. Stein reviews our understanding of the nutritional and hormonal aspects of muscle loss in spaceflight, and concludes that the protein loss in space could be deleterious to health during flight and after return. Strollo summarizes our understanding of the major endocrine systems on the ground, then considers what we know about their functioning in space, concluding that there is much to be learned about the changes taking place during spaceflight. The many problems of providing life support (oxygen regeneration and food supply) during extended stay on the Moon, on Mars, or in space by means of plant cultivation are discussed by Salisbury. The challenges of utilizing electrophoresis in microgravity for the separation of cells and proteins are illustrated and explained by Bauer and colleagues. Finally, the chapter on teaching of space life sciences by Schmitt shows that this field of science has come of age, but also that its multidisciplinary character poses interesting challenges to teaching it.

Much of the previous literature in the field of safety focuses on either the technical equipment issues or the human performance factors that contribute to the active failures in safety-critical systems. However, this book provides guidance in the moral or ethical aspects of decision-making that perpetuate many of the latent failures in safety-critical systems. The book presents an interdisciplinary discussion of ethical decision-making and discusses the need to teach ethical decision-making in professional academic programs. It provides a concise introduction to the ethical foundations and follows up with case studies from aviation, healthcare, and environmental and occupational health. These cases illustrate the challenges faced by the individuals in their respective field and the reasons for the choices that they made in the face of adversities. Safety Ethics gives a fascinating insight into ethical decision-making for all those interested or involved in safety-critical environments. The book will be an extremely valuable guide for professionals in making decisions consistent with their beliefs and code of ethics.

This fourth volume in the series, dedicated entirely to the results of the first European study of the effects of long-term confinement and isolation. The volume continues to attempt to fulfill the aim of this series, to bring the findings and accomplishments in the field of space biology and medicine to a wider group of scientists than merely the relatively small group of biologists and physiologists currently involved in space experimentation.
The contributions are not only nicely spread geographically with three chapters from the United States, two each from Russia, Europe, and Japan, they also offer a wide range of topics in the field, covering humans, animals, plants, cells, and even potential extraterrestrial beings.
As before, not only problems investigated and results obtained are reviewed, but also some of the technical aspects peculiar to this field are treated. An example in this volume is the chapter on virtual environments by Ellis, which is meant to help investigators understand the opportunities that these techniques might offer for future investigations.
In view of the limitations on flight opportunities and the constraints still inherent in orbital experimentation, it is also important to consider the information that can be obtained from studies on the ground. In addition to simulation studies like bed rest for human subjects (see the chapter by Edgerton et al. on neuromuscular adaptation), tail suspension of rats, and plants on a clinostat (see the chapter by Masuda et al.), there is the interesting possibility of using gravitropic mutants for studying the effects of weightlessness on plant growth as described by Takahashi and Suge.
Two chapters are devoted to a review of the results on rats flown on nine Cosmos biosatellite flights between 1973 and 1989: the chapter by Krasnow deals with the neuromorphological effects of micro- and hypergravity; that by Popova and Grigoriev with the metabolic effects of spaceflight. The effects of weightlessness on heart and lung function in humans are reviewed in detail by Bonde-Petersen and Linnarson.
While the study of humans, animals, and plants in spaceflight have taught us much about the effects of the space environment on living organisms, we still have a very limited understanding of the mechanisms operating in these effects. The chapter by Rijken et al. on the effects of gravity on the cellular response to epidermal growth factor demonstrates how, by a judicious use of experiments on the ground and in sounding rockets, the mechanism of a microgravity effect on cell growth could be unravelled.
The question whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe has intrigued mankind for a long time. In the chapter by Coulter et al. on NASA's High Resolution Microwave Survey the project to search for the existence of such life is described. The postscript to this chapter tells how through an unfortunate decision of the U.S. Congress this project after a successful start is threatened with an untimely ending.

The book provides an up-to-date overview of the history of aviation medicine and the development of medical requirements for licensing. Also the physiological foundation for flight, the physiology of the sensory organs, exposure to cosmic radiation, the preventative aspects of aviation medicine, the role of medical factors in accident investigation, and passenger health issues are covered. The bulk of the book is the clinical part which contains several chapters and sub-chapters on clinical aviation medicine with detailed guidance, written by Medical Examiners for Medical Examiners, on how to examine aircrew and how to determine their fitness for flight, especially in cases where the medical requirements are not fully met. Focussing on cardiology, ophthalmology, otology, neurology, psychology and psychiatry, Principles and Practice of Aviation Medicine provides an in-depth discussion of many diseases and medical conditions, frequently encountered in aeromedical practice, with emphasis on how they relate to the demands of contemporary aviation, both with regard to airline pilots and private pilots. Throughout particular consideration is given to how and when flexibility can be applied to the medical certification. In addition, the book includes a chapter on the international medical requirements and other pertinent rules and regulations for medical certification set by the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) and the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States (FAA), as well as the latest revised medical standards and recommended practices of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

Most textbooks of physiology deal with idealized young adult physiology in temperate climates at sea level. Other stages of life and other environments are often covered cursorily, if at all. These more stressful circumstances and conditions are not only important in their own right, but can also help us to understand normal mechanisms more fully. Therefore, this text is complementary to the major teaching texts in physiology while still containing information essential to a thorough understanding of the subject. This book is an attempt to meet the need for a different approach. It presumes a basic knowledge of 'standard' physiology such as one acquires in a preclinical course in medicine or dentistry, or during the early years of a science course in physiology. The book will be welcomed by students and teachers of physiology.

This highly practical guide is ideal for any medical professional who deals with the aerospace environment or is involved in the healthcare of aircrew or individuals preparing for or returning from aerospace travel. The book covers all the main aspects of aerospace medicine, including the salient physiology and clinical aspects in note form for rapid assimilation, and makes plentiful use of figures, algorithms and tables throughout. Key Features: * Comprehensive covering all aspects of clinical aerospace medicine and relevant physiology * Note-based for rapid reference in the clinical setting * Highly practical with illustrations and tables supporting the text throughout * From a highly experienced international team of editors and contributors * Ideal as a handbook companion, complementing the definitive reference Ernsting's Aviation and Space Medicine, for use 'on the go' The book will be an indispensable companion to all civil and military aviation medicine practitioners including those preparing for professional qualifying examinations, and a useful aid for other physicians with an interest in aviation medicine or who are required to inform patients regularly regarding the likely effects of flight, including family practitioners and hospital doctors, physiologists with an interest in the area and occupational and public health personnel.

While stress and fatigue are often dealt with in other books on aviation performance and human factors, these realities of human vulnerability are now increasingly seen as central to the effective conduct of flight operations. Flight Stress provides a comprehensive treatment and a better understanding of stress and fatigue as they relate to aviation. It clarifies and distinguishes the concepts of stress and fatigue as they apply to flight, and expounds sufficient theory to provide a principled basis for the consideration and amelioration of stress effects in aviation. The authors examine what is known of the effects of stress from both laboratory and operational studies and detail the aspects of this knowledge to which aviation professionals should pay most attention. They go on to discuss the implications of stress and fatigue for performance in a range of aviation contexts, from air traffic control to aerial combat. Physiological, cognitive and medical sequel are explored. The book locates aviation related work, in its broader research context, critically reviewing and illustrating the work, with examples from accident and incident reports. It is substantive but accessible, since it both sets out the research base and provides plenty of 'real world' examples to leaven and illustrate the narrative. It thus provides an authoritative handbook for aviation professionals and a comprehensive source book and reference work for researchers. The readership includes aviation professionals and researchers, including medical personnel and registered Aviation Medical Examiners; psychologists and Human Factors specialists; training captains, senior pilots and engineers; air traffic controllers, dispatchers and operations staff.

Still the only book published anywhere in the world which is devoted entirely to the principles of aeromedical transport, Aeromedical Transportation has rightly become known as the sole reference for the industry. This second edition has been radically revised and updated; featuring the latest research, updated references and new chapters on the transport of intensive care patients, and medical emergencies/death in flight. Since the first edition was published in 1996, the concept of 'evidence-based medicine' has been accepted as essential in any book which endeavours to be the accepted knowledge base in its subject area. A very practical text, international in its approach, much of its content is devoted to clinical matters. Administration and organisation are also discussed, but are addressed from the standpoint of the clinical aeromedical escort. The text is suitable for medical, paramedical and nursing personnel and for those working in organizations whose duties include the transportation of the sick and injured by air.

Flight training and flying are hazardous activities that demand the most of human operators, whether they be pilots or other factors (maintainers, air traffic controllers, managers, regulators) involved in the complex aviation system. 'Aerospace Clinical Psychology' serves as a handbook for dealing with aviators and other operators, those seen as patients as well as those functioning 'normally', who none-the-less wish to improve their performance. This book has much to offer the audiences who intersect the Human Factors and clinical areas of aviation and operators in extreme environments. It deftly defines specific touchstone areas such as selection, training, accident investigation, measurement and testing, and practical interventions. The little-margin-for-error realm of aviation exposes operators to stress and risk on a daily basis. 'Aerospace Clinical Psychology' provides a blueprint for combining the talents of clinical psychologists with flight surgeons and Human Factors practitioners to enhance safety and efficiency.

This book summarizes the early successes, drawbacks and accomplishments in cell biology and cell biotechnology achieved by the latest projects performed on the International Space Station ISS. It also depicts outcomes of experiments in tissue engineering, cancer research and drug design and reveals the chances that research in Space offers for medical application on Earth. This SpringerBriefs volume provides an overview on the latest international activities in Space and gives an outlook on the potential of biotechnological research in Space in future. This volume is written for students and researchers in Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Pharmacology and may specifically be of interest to scientists with focus on protein sciences, crystallization, tissue engineering, drug design and cancer research.

This book comprehensively describes the physiological changes and consequences that occur in humans during spaceflight. It specifically presents the adaptations of the cardiovascular and the respiratory system. Specific changes occurring after 10, 20 or more days in space are depicted. Furthermore, the book explains various effective countermeasures that are required upon return of the astronauts to Earth. The book is a must-have for all biomedical and clinical researchers in the field of cardiovascular biology and respiration, and a fascinating reading for all interested laymen, who wish to understand a bit more about spaceflight research and technology.

Space medicine has been an important component of the success of human spaceflight and will continue to play a critical role in the future ventures. To prepare for the day when astronauts will leave low Earth orbit for long-duration exploration missions, space medicine experts must develop a thorough understanding of the effects of microgravity on the human body, as well as ways of migrating these effects. To gain a complete understanding of the effects of space on the human body and to create the tools and technologies required for successful exploration, space medicine will become an increasingly collaborative discipline incorporating the skills of physicians, biomedical scientists, engineers, and mission planners. In this work, Dr. Erik Seedhouse examines the future of space medicine in relation to human space exploration. He describes what is necessary to keepa crew alive in space, how it will be accomplished in the future, and the medical challenges faced by interplanetary astronauts. The book is divided into three sections. The first looks at space medicine on board the ISS, where astronaut stays are often of long duration. The second section considers the Exploration Class medical dangers, beginning with radiation and the consequent Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS). The final section looks at future developments and the importance of telemedicine and how revolutionary technologies will protect interplanetary astronauts from the space environment. The book ends with a description of the kind of hibernation necessary to insure the well being of interplanetary astronauts.

AEROMEDICAL EVACUATION: MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE AND STABILIZIED PATIENTS is the definitive treatment on the medical evacuation and management of injured patients in both peacetime and wartime. Edited by eminent experts in the field, this text brings together medical specialists from across all four branches of the armed services. The post-Cold War paradigm shift necessitates the rapid-fire response of aeromedical evacuation services to treat and transport patients injured in regional conflicts, in mass emergencies and natural disasters, in the face of terrorist attack, and in the event of biological or chemical warfare. The book discusses the history of aeromedical evacuation, triage and staging of the injured patient, evacuation from site of injury to medical facility, air-frame capabilities, medical capabilities in-flight, response to in-flight emergencies, and mass emergency evacuation. Specific medical conditions are addressed in detail in the second half of the book, including general surgical casualties such as abdominal wounds and soft tissue injuries, vascular injuries, maxillofacial injuries, head and spinal cord injuries, ophthalmolic casualties, orthopaedic casualties, burns, pediatric casualties, obstetric-gynecologic casualties, and more. Over 80 illustrations provide a useful review of transport equipment and both medical and surgical treatment. Algorithms outline patient triage and management from the field or site to the medical facility. This text is a must-have reference for all armed forced physicians and flight surgeons, for general and trauma surgeons, internists, intensive care specialists, orthopaedic surgeons, and public health officers.

Space physiology and space medicine are fairly recent sciences, born of the desire to launch man into space and bring him safely back again. Weightlessness and cosmic radiation - conditions which can neither be adequately simulated nor reproduced on earth - are on the other hand used as research tools for medical experiments, in particular in the fields of neurophysiology, internal medicine as well as genetics and radiation dosimetry. The newly established Austrian Society for Aerospace Medicine provides a basis for multidisciplinary approaches to spaceflight biomedical research. Diagnostic, prognostic and elective, operational and preventive measures can be fostered by activities of the Society. In October 1991 the first Austrian was launched into orbital flight and fulfilled an ambitious scientific program which was dominated by life science experiments in the areas of cardiovascular medicine, fluid-electrolyte research, neurophysiology, endocrinology, genetics, and radiation biology. The results from these experiments, presented in this book, will help to improve the management of biomedical problems in daily life.

It was Gordon Sharp's experiences as a six-year-old boy in the Glasgow Blitz that first set him on the path towards a medical career. By the time Gordon had left school he had two firm goals: to specialise in aviation medicine, and to try his hand at broadcasting. He managed both in style, becoming Commanding Officer of the RAF's Aviation Medicine Training Centre and later Head of Division at the Institute of Aviation Medicine. During his time in the RAF Medical Branch he carried out pioneering work in the development of safer systems for aircrew. As a member of the ITN studio team during the Apollo space programme in the 1970s, Gordon became a familiar face to TV audiences. Then, just when he thought life held no more surprises, he found himself flying high in a different sense when he was invited to serve as 'Physician Extraordinary' to Her Majesty The Queen Mother. Going for a spin is Gordon's fascinating and entertaining story.

This highly practical guide is ideal for any medical professional who deals with the aerospace environment or is involved in the healthcare of aircrew or individuals preparing for or returning from aerospace travel. The book covers all the main aspects of aerospace medicine, including the salient physiology and clinical aspects in note form for rapid assimilation, and makes plentiful use of figures, algorithms and tables throughout. Key Features: * Comprehensive covering all aspects of clinical aerospace medicine and relevant physiology * Note-based for rapid reference in the clinical setting * Highly practical with illustrations and tables supporting the text throughout * From a highly experienced international team of editors and contributors * Ideal as a handbook companion, complementing the definitive reference Ernsting's Aviation and Space Medicine, for use 'on the go' The book will be an indispensable companion to all civil and military aviation medicine practitioners including those preparing for professional qualifying examinations, and a useful aid for other physicians with an interest in aviation medicine or who are required to inform patients regularly regarding the likely effects of flight, including family practitioners and hospital doctors, physiologists with an interest in the area and occupational and public health personnel.

This collection of chapters on the latest methods and tools for applied research in aviation psychology guides the diverse range of professionals working within aviation on how to adapt flexibly to the continuously evolving requirements of the aeronautical landscape. Experts from the industry and academia explore selected applications, ranging from aviation system engineering to bridging the gap between research and industrialization, safety culture, training and examination. Psychological tools are explored, including designing biocybernetic adaptive systems, predictive automation, and support for designing the human role in future human-machine teaming concepts. Special chapters are dedicated to spatial disorientation, reactivity, stress, eye-tracking, electrodermal and cardiac assessment under the influence of G forces. This is essential reading for aviation psychologists, human factors practitioners, engineers, designers, operational specialists, students and researchers in academia, industry, and government. The practitioners and researchers working in other safety critical domains (e.g., medicine, automotive) will also find the handbook valuable.

This volume of the Series SpringerBriefs in Space Life Sciences summarizes the newest finding in the field of mental health and physiological exercise in Space. Currently two major challenges are impacting human health in the western societies, one being a move towards a sedentary society, the second one being longevity. Both have a considerable impact on physical as well as mental health. Space life science research helps to understand the underlying degenerative physiological and neuro-psychological processes as living in space, living in microgravity can be regarded as a time lapse of the sedentary and aging human being. Translational research of the past years has shown that exercise can be regarded as a key factor to counteract physical and mental deconditioning in space, guaranteeing a holistic approach to health and a benefit to the socio-demographic changes of our society. The book is written for scientists in biomedicine, more specific in aging research, sports physiology and neurosciences.

In its first edition, Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight established itself as the authoritative reference on the contemporary knowledge base of space medicine and standards of care for space flyers. It received excellent notices and is used in the curricula of civilian and military training programs and used as a source of questions for the Aerospace Medicine Certifying Examination under the American Board of Preventive Medicine. In the intervening few years, the continuous manning of the International Space Station has both strengthened existing knowledge and uncovered new and significant phenomena related to the human in space. The Second Edition incorporates this information. Gaps in the first edition will be addressed with the addition new and revised chapters. This edition is extensively peer reviewed and represents the most up to date knowledge.

Ernsting's Aviation and Space Medicine applies current understanding in medicine, physiology and the behavioural sciences to the medical challenges and stresses that are faced by both civil and military aircrew, and their passengers, on a daily basis. The fifth edition of this established textbook has been revised and updated by a multi-disciplinary team of experienced contributors, and includes new chapters on space physiology and medicine, passenger safety, rotary wing operation by land and sea, and UAVs. It remains the recommended textbook for those studying for the Diploma in Aviation Medicine of the Faculty of Occupational Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians, recognized worldwide as a standard in the field, and for similar overseas qualifications. Ernsting's Aviation and Space Medicine remains an essential companion for all civil and military aviation medicine practitioners, both when preparing for professional examinations and in daily practice, and for those in the many disciplines of the behavioural and life sciences that include some study of aviation, its physiology and related issues. It is also recommended reading for those with a wider interest in the medical problems of professional or recreational flying, air transport and the aviation industry.