Differential equations play a noticeable role in engineering, physics, economics, and other disciplines. They permit us to model changing forms in both mathematical and physical problems. These equations are precisely used when a deterministic relation containing some continuously varying quantities and their rates of change in space and/or time is recognized or postulated. This book is intended to provide a straightforward introduction to the concept of partial differential equations. It provides a diversity of numerical examples framed to nurture the intellectual level of scholars. It includes enough examples to provide students with a clear concept and also offers short questions for comprehension. Construction of real-life problems is considered in the last chapter along with applications. Research scholars and students working in the fields of engineering, physics, and different branches of mathematics need to learn the concepts of partial differential equations to solve their problems. This book will serve their needs instead of having to use more complex books that contain more concepts than needed.

This edited volume presents a fascinating collection of lecture notes focusing on differential equations from two viewpoints: formal calculus (through the theory of Groebner bases) and geometry (via quiver theory). Groebner bases serve as effective models for computation in algebras of various types. Although the theory of Groebner bases was developed in the second half of the 20th century, many works on computational methods in algebra were published well before the introduction of the modern algebraic language. Since then, new algorithms have been developed and the theory itself has greatly expanded. In comparison, diagrammatic methods in representation theory are relatively new, with the quiver varieties only being introduced - with big impact - in the 1990s. Divided into two parts, the book first discusses the theory of Groebner bases in their commutative and noncommutative contexts, with a focus on algorithmic aspects and applications of Groebner bases to analysis on systems of partial differential equations, effective analysis on rings of differential operators, and homological algebra. It then introduces representations of quivers, quiver varieties and their applications to the moduli spaces of meromorphic connections on the complex projective line. While no particular reader background is assumed, the book is intended for graduate students in mathematics, engineering and related fields, as well as researchers and scholars.

This book derives new Hardy inequalities with double singular weights - at an interior point and on the boundary of the domain. We focus on the optimality of Hardy constant and on its attainability. Applications include: results about existence\nonexistence and controllability for parabolic equations with double singular potentials; estimates from below of the fi rst eigenvalue of p-Laplacian with Dirichlet boundary conditions.

Modeling and Applied Mathematics Modeling the behavior of real physical systems by suitable evolution equa tions is a relevant, maybe the fundamental, aspect of the interactions be tween mathematics and applied sciences. Modeling is, however, only the first step toward the mathematical description and simulation of systems belonging to real world. Indeed, once the evolution equation is proposed, one has to deal with mathematical problems and develop suitable simula tions to provide the description of the real system according to the model. Within this framework, one has an evolution equation and the re lated mathematical problems obtained by adding all necessary conditions for their solution. Then, a qualitative analysis should be developed: this means proof of existence of solutions and analysis of their qualitative be havior. Asymptotic analysis may include a detailed description of stability properties. Quantitative analysis, based upon the application ofsuitable methods and algorithms for the solution of problems, ends up with the simulation that is the representation of the dependent variable versus the independent one. The information obtained by the model has to be compared with those deriving from the experimental observation of the real system. This comparison may finally lead to the validation of the model followed by its application and, maybe, further generalization."

This book is dedicated to the memory of Mikael Passare, an outstanding Swedish mathematician who devoted his life to developing the theory of analytic functions in several complex variables and exploring geometric ideas first-hand. It includes several papers describing Mikael's life as well as his contributions to mathematics, written by friends of Mikael's who share his attitude and passion for science. A major section of the book presents original research articles that further develop Mikael's ideas and which were written by his former students and co-authors. All these mathematicians work at the interface of analysis and geometry, and Mikael's impact on their research cannot be underestimated. Most of the contributors were invited speakers at the conference organized at Stockholm University in his honor. This book is an attempt to express our gratitude towards this great mathematician, who left us full of energy and new creative mathematical ideas.

This book presents an in-depth study on advances in constructive approximation theory with recent problems on linear positive operators. State-of-the-art research in constructive approximation is treated with extensions to approximation results on linear positive operators in a post quantum and bivariate setting. Methods, techniques, and problems in approximation theory are demonstrated with applications to optimization, physics, and biology. Graduate students, research scientists and engineers working in mathematics, physics, and industry will broaden their understanding of operators essential to pure and applied mathematics. Topics discussed include: discrete operators, quantitative estimates, post-quantum calculus, integral operators, univariate Gruss-type inequalities for positive linear operators, bivariate operators of discrete and integral type, convergence of GBS operators.

The essays in this special volume survey some of the most recent advances in the global analysis of dynamic models for economics, finance and the social sciences. They deal in particular with a range of topics from mathematical methods as well as numerous applications including recent developments on asset pricing, heterogeneous beliefs, global bifurcations in complementarity games, international subsidy games and issues in economic geography. A number of stochastic dynamic models are also analysed. The book is a collection of essays in honour of the 60th birthday of Laura Gardini.

The general topic of this book is the ergodic behavior of Markov processes. A detailed introduction to methods for proving ergodicity and upper bounds for ergodic rates is presented in the first part of the book, with the focus put on weak ergodic rates, typical for Markov systems with complicated structure. The second part is devoted to the application of these methods to limit theorems for functionals of Markov processes. The book is aimed at a wide audience with a background in probability and measure theory. Some knowledge of stochastic processes and stochastic differential equations helps in a deeper understanding of specific examples. Contents Part I: Ergodic Rates for Markov Chains and Processes Markov Chains with Discrete State Spaces General Markov Chains: Ergodicity in Total Variation MarkovProcesseswithContinuousTime Weak Ergodic Rates Part II: Limit Theorems The Law of Large Numbers and the Central Limit Theorem Functional Limit Theorems

Optimal feedback control arises in different areas such as aerospace engineering, chemical processing, resource economics, etc. In this context, the application of dynamic programming techniques leads to the solution of fully nonlinear Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations. This book presents the state of the art in the numerical approximation of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations, including post-processing of Galerkin methods, high-order methods, boundary treatment in semi-Lagrangian schemes, reduced basis methods, comparison principles for viscosity solutions, max-plus methods, and the numerical approximation of Monge-Ampere equations. This book also features applications in the simulation of adaptive controllers and the control of nonlinear delay differential equations. Contents From a monotone probabilistic scheme to a probabilistic max-plus algorithm for solving Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations Improving policies for Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations by postprocessing Viability approach to simulation of an adaptive controller Galerkin approximations for the optimal control of nonlinear delay differential equations Efficient higher order time discretization schemes for Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations based on diagonally implicit symplectic Runge-Kutta methods Numerical solution of the simple Monge-Ampere equation with nonconvex Dirichlet data on nonconvex domains On the notion of boundary conditions in comparison principles for viscosity solutions Boundary mesh refinement for semi-Lagrangian schemes A reduced basis method for the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation within the European Union Emission Trading Scheme

Lectures on Constructive Approximation: Fourier, Spline, and Wavelet Methods on the Real Line, the Sphere, and the Ball focuses on spherical problems as they occur in the geosciences and medical imaging. It comprises the author's lectures on classical approximation methods based on orthogonal polynomials and selected modern tools such as splines and wavelets. Methods for approximating functions on the real line are treated first, as they provide the foundations for the methods on the sphere and the ball and are useful for the analysis of time-dependent (spherical) problems. The author then examines the transfer of these spherical methods to problems on the ball, such as the modeling of the Earth's or the brain's interior. Specific topics covered include: * the advantages and disadvantages of Fourier, spline, and wavelet methods * theory and numerics of orthogonal polynomials on intervals, spheres, and balls * cubic splines and splines based on reproducing kernels * multiresolution analysis using wavelets and scaling functions This textbook is written for students in mathematics, physics, engineering, and the geosciences who have a basic background in analysis and linear algebra. The work may also be suitable as a self-study resource for researchers in the above-mentioned fields.

This open access book features a selection of high-quality papers from the presentations at the International Conference on Spectral and High-Order Methods 2018, offering an overview of the depth and breadth of the activities within this important research area. The carefully reviewed papers provide a snapshot of the state of the art, while the extensive bibliography helps initiate new research directions.

This book provides cutting-edge results on the existence of multiple positive periodic solutions of first-order functional differential equations. It demonstrates how the Leggett-Williams fixed-point theorem can be applied to study the existence of two or three positive periodic solutions of functional differential equations with real-world applications, particularly with regard to the Lasota-Wazewska model, the Hematopoiesis model, the Nicholsons Blowflies model, and some models with Allee effects. Many interesting sufficient conditions are given for the dynamics that include nonlinear characteristics exhibited by population models. The last chapter provides results related to the global appeal of solutions to the models considered in the earlier chapters. The techniques used in this book can be easily understood by anyone with a basic knowledge of analysis. This book offers a valuable reference guide for students and researchers in the field of differential equations with applications to biology, ecology, and the environment.

Handbook on Numerical Methods for Hyperbolic Problems: Applied and Modern Issues details the large amount of literature in the design, analysis, and application of various numerical algorithms for solving hyperbolic equations that has been produced in the last several decades. This volume provides concise summaries from experts in different types of algorithms, so that readers can find a variety of algorithms under different situations and become familiar with their relative advantages and limitations.

For courses in Differential Equations and Linear Algebra. The right balance between concepts, visualisation, applications, and skills Differential Equations and Linear Algebra provides the conceptual development and geometric visualisation of a modern differential equations and linear algebra course that is essential to science and engineering students. It balances traditional manual methods with the new, computer-based methods that illuminate qualitative phenomena - a comprehensive approach that makes accessible a wider range of more realistic applications. The book combines core topics in elementary differential equations with concepts and methods of elementary linear algebra. It starts and ends with discussions of mathematical modeling of real-world phenomena, evident in figures, examples, problems, and applications throughout.

This new volume provides the information needed to understand the simplex method, the revised simplex method, dual simplex method, and more for solving linear programming problems. Following a logical order, the book first gives a mathematical model of the linear problem programming and describes the usual assumptions under which the problem is solved. It gives a brief description of classic algorithms for solving linear programming problems as well as some theoretical results. It goes on to explain the definitions and solutions of linear programming problems, outlining the simplest geometric methods and showing how they can be implemented. Practical examples are included along the way. The book concludes with a discussion of multi-criteria decision-making methods. Advances in Optimization and Linear Programming is a highly useful guide to linear programming for professors and students in optimization and linear programming.

This monograph presents controllability and stabilization methods in control theory that solve parabolic boundary value problems. Starting from foundational questions on Carleman inequalities for linear parabolic equations, the author addresses the controllability of parabolic equations on a variety of domains and the spectral decomposition technique for representing them. This method is, in fact, designed for use in a wider class of parabolic systems that include the heat and diffusion equations. Later chapters develop another process that employs stabilizing feedback controllers with a finite number of unstable modes, with special attention given to its use in the boundary stabilization of Navier-Stokes equations for the motion of viscous fluid. In turn, these applied methods are used to explore related topics like the exact controllability of stochastic parabolic equations with linear multiplicative noise. Intended for graduate students and researchers working on control problems involving nonlinear differential equations, Controllability and Stabilization of Parabolic Equations is the distillation of years of lectures and research. With a minimum of preliminaries, the book leaps into its applications for control theory with both concrete examples and accessible solutions to problems in stabilization and controllability that are still areas of current research.

This volume highlights the analysis on noncompact and singular manifolds within the framework of the cone calculus with asymptotics. The three papers at the beginning deal with parabolic equations, a topic relevant for many applications. The first article presents a calculus for pseudodifferential operators with an anisotropic analytic parameter. The subsequent paper develops an algebra of Mellin operators on the infinite space-time cylinder. It is shown how timelike infinity can be treated as a conical singularity. In the third text - the central article of this volume - the authors use these results to obtain precise information on the long-time asymptotics of solutions to parabolic equations and to construct inverses within the calculus. There follows a factorization theorem for meromorphic symbols: It is proven that each of these can be decomposed into a holomorphic invertible part and a smoothing part containing all the meromorphic information. It is expected that this result will be important for applications in the analysis of nonlinear hyperbolic equations. The final article addresses the question of the coordinate invariance of the Mellin calculus with asymptotics.

This new book from one of the most published authors in all of mathematics is an attempt to offer a new, more modern take on the Differential Equations course. The world is changing. Because of the theory of wavelets, Fourier analysis is ever more important and central. And applications are a driving force behind much of mathematics.This text text presents a more balanced picture. The text covers differential equations (both ordinary and partial), Fourier analysis and applications in equal measure and with equal weight. The Riemann integral is used throughout. We do not assume that the student knows any functional analysis. We likewise do not assume that the student has had a course in undergraduate real analysis. To make the book timely and exciting, a substantial chapter on basic properties of wavelets, with applications to signal processing and image processing is included. This should give students and instructors alike a taste of what is happening in the subject today.

This book gathers contributions on various aspects of the theory and applications of linear and nonlinear waves and associated phenomena, as well as approaches developed in a global partnership of researchers with the national Centre of Excellence in Nonlinear Studies (CENS) at the Department of Cybernetics of Tallinn University of Technology in Estonia. The papers chiefly focus on the role of mathematics in the analysis of wave phenomena. They highlight the complexity of related topics concerning wave generation, propagation, transformation and impact in solids, gases, fluids and human tissues, while also sharing insights into selected mathematical methods for the analytical and numerical treatment of complex phenomena. In addition, the contributions derive advanced mathematical models, share innovative ideas on computing, and present novel applications for a number of research fields where both linear and nonlinear wave problems play an important role. The papers are written in a tutorial style, intended for non-specialist researchers and students. The authors first describe the basics of a problem that is currently of interest in the scientific community, discuss the state of the art in related research, and then share their own experiences in tackling the problem. Each chapter highlights the importance of applied mathematics for central issues in the study of waves and associated complex phenomena in different media. The topics range from basic principles of wave mechanics up to the mathematics of Planet Earth in the broadest sense, including contemporary challenges in the mathematics of society. In turn, the areas of application range from classic ocean wave mathematics to material science, and to human nerves and tissues. All contributions describe the approaches in a straightforward manner, making them ideal material for educational purposes, e.g. for courses, master class lectures, or seminar presentations.

Exploring the Riemann Zeta Function: 190 years from Riemann's Birth presents a collection of chapters contributed by eminent experts devoted to the Riemann Zeta Function, its generalizations, and their various applications to several scientific disciplines, including Analytic Number Theory, Harmonic Analysis, Complex Analysis, Probability Theory, and related subjects. The book focuses on both old and new results towards the solution of long-standing problems as well as it features some key historical remarks. The purpose of this volume is to present in a unified way broad and deep areas of research in a self-contained manner. It will be particularly useful for graduate courses and seminars as well as it will make an excellent reference tool for graduate students and researchers in Mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Engineering and Cryptography.

Now in its second edition, this monograph explores the Monge-Ampere equation and the latest advances in its study and applications. It provides an essentially self-contained systematic exposition of the theory of weak solutions, including regularity results by L. A. Caffarelli. The geometric aspects of this theory are stressed using techniques from harmonic analysis, such as covering lemmas and set decompositions. An effort is made to present complete proofs of all theorems, and examples and exercises are offered to further illustrate important concepts. Some of the topics considered include generalized solutions, non-divergence equations, cross sections, and convex solutions. New to this edition is a chapter on the linearized Monge-Ampere equation and a chapter on interior Hoelder estimates for second derivatives. Bibliographic notes, updated and expanded from the first edition, are included at the end of every chapter for further reading on Monge-Ampere-type equations and their diverse applications in the areas of differential geometry, the calculus of variations, optimization problems, optimal mass transport, and geometric optics. Both researchers and graduate students working on nonlinear differential equations and their applications will find this to be a useful and concise resource.

Advanced Problem Solving Using Maple (TM): Applied Mathematics, Operations Research, Business Analytics, and Decision Analysis applies the mathematical modeling process by formulating, building, solving, analyzing, and criticizing mathematical models. Scenarios are developed within the scope of the problem-solving process. The text focuses on discrete dynamical systems, optimization techniques, single-variable unconstrained optimization and applied problems, and numerical search methods. Additional coverage includes multivariable unconstrained and constrained techniques. Linear algebra techniques to model and solve problems such as the Leontief model, and advanced regression techniques including nonlinear, logistics, and Poisson are covered. Game theory, the Nash equilibrium, and Nash arbitration are also included. Features: The text's case studies and student projects involve students with real-world problem solving Focuses on numerical solution techniques in dynamical systems, optimization, and numerical analysis The numerical procedures discussed in the text are algorithmic and iterative Maple is utilized throughout the text as a tool for computation and analysis All algorithms are provided with step-by-step formats About the Authors: William P. Fox is an emeritus professor in the Department of Defense Analysis at the Naval Postgraduate School. Currently, he is an adjunct professor, Department of Mathematics, the College of William and Mary. He received his PhD at Clemson University and has many publications and scholarly activities including twenty books and over one hundred and fifty journal articles. William C. Bauldry, Prof. Emeritus and Adjunct Research Prof. of Mathematics at Appalachian State University, received his PhD in Approximation Theory from Ohio State. He has published many papers on pedagogy and technology, often using Maple, and has been the PI of several NSF-funded projects incorporating technology and modeling into math courses. He currently serves as Associate Director of COMAP's Math Contest in Modeling (MCM).

A First Course in Fuzzy Logic, Fourth Edition is an expanded version of the successful third edition. It provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory and applications of fuzzy logic. This popular text offers a firm mathematical basis for the calculus of fuzzy concepts necessary for designing intelligent systems and a solid background for readers to pursue further studies and real-world applications. New in the Fourth Edition: Features new results on fuzzy sets of type-2 Provides more information on copulas for modeling dependence structures Includes quantum probability for uncertainty modeling in social sciences, especially in economics With its comprehensive updates, this new edition presents all the background necessary for students, instructors and professionals to begin using fuzzy logic in its many-applications in computer science, mathematics, statistics, and engineering. About the Authors: Hung T. Nguyen is a Professor Emeritus at the Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Mexico State University. He is also an Adjunct Professor of Economics at Chiang Mai University, Thailand. Carol L. Walker is also a Professor Emeritus at the Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Mexico State University. Elbert A. Walker is a Professor Emeritus, Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Mexico State University.

This book unifies the dynamical systems and functional analysis approaches to the linear and nonlinear stability of waves. It synthesizes fundamental ideas of the past 20+ years of research, carefully balancing theory and application. The book isolates and methodically develops key ideas by working through illustrative examples that are subsequently synthesized into general principles. Many of the seminal examples of stability theory, including orbital stability of the KdV solitary wave, and asymptotic stability of viscous shocks for scalar conservation laws, are treated in a textbook fashion for the first time. It presents spectral theory from a dynamical systems and functional analytic point of view, including essential and absolute spectra, and develops general nonlinear stability results for dissipative and Hamiltonian systems. The structure of the linear eigenvalue problem for Hamiltonian systems is carefully developed, including the Krein signature and related stability indices. The Evans function for the detection of point spectra is carefully developed through a series of frameworks of increasing complexity. Applications of the Evans function to the Orientation index, edge bifurcations, and large domain limits are developed through illustrative examples. The book is intended for first or second year graduate students in mathematics, or those with equivalent mathematical maturity. It is highly illustrated and there are many exercises scattered throughout the text that highlight and emphasize the key concepts. Upon completion of the book, the reader will be in an excellent position to understand and contribute to current research in nonlinear stability.