Includes the latest developments of plumbing technologies and practices Clear illustrations Issues related to Sky-scrapers and special concerns are covered Suitable for a variety of undergraduate courses from Building Services Engineering to Architectural Technology and Civil Engineering. NVQ level 2 and 3 plumbers will also find the book as concise reference

The 1973 'Oil Shock' is considered a turning point in the history of the twentieth century. At the time it seemed to mark a definitive shift from the era of low priced oil to the era of expensive oil. For most Western industrialized countries, it became the symbolic marker of the end of an era. For many oil producers, it translated into an unprecedented control over their energy resources, and completed the process of decolonization, leading to a profound redefinition of international relations.This book provides an analysis of the crisis and its global political and economic impact. It features contributions from a range of perspectives and approaches, including political, economic, environmental, international and social history. The authors examine the origins of what was defined as an 'oil revolution' by the oil-producing countries, as well as the far-reaching effects of the 'shock' on the Cold War and decolonization, on international energy markets and the global economy. In doing so, they help place the event in its historical context as a key moment in the transformation of the international economy and of North-South relations.

Water and Wastewater Engineering Technology presents the basic concepts and applications of water and wastewater engineering technology. It is primarily designed for students pursuing programs in civil, water resources, and environmental engineering, and presents the fundamentals of water and wastewater technology, hydraulics, chemistry, and biology. The book examines the urban water cycle in two main categories, water treatment and distribution, and wastewater collection and treatment. The material lays the foundation for typical one-semester courses in water engineering and also serves as a valuable resource to professionals operating and managing water and wastewater treatment plants. The chapters in this book are standalone, offering the flexibility to choose combinations of topics to suit the requirements of a given course or professional application. Features: • Contains example problems and diagrams throughout to illustrate and clarify important topics. • Problems both in SI and USC system of units. • The procedure of unit cancellation followed in all solutions to the problems. • Design applications and operation of water and wastewater system emphasized. • Includes numerous practice problems with answers, and discussion questions in each chapter cover a range of engineering interventions to help conserve water resources and preserve water quality.

This book provides a study of the transformation of the Latin American oil system from one in which the international oil companies dominated to one which is dominated by the main state oil companies, and an account of how some of the more important of the state companies have operated. This comprehensive guide to the evolution of the Latin American oil system combines in one volume a synthesis of material from secondary sources and original research and thus provides an invaluable reference for all concerned with the history and economy of Latin America and with the development and functioning of the international oil industry.

This book provides a reference to analysis techniques of common cooling water system problems and a historical perspective on solutions to chronic cooling water system problems, such as corrosion and biofouling. It covers best design practices for cooling water systems that are required to support the operation of all electric power plants. Plant engineers will gain better understanding of the practical issues associated with their cooling water systems and new designs or modifications of their systems should consider the actual challenges to the systems. The book is intended for graduate students and practicing engineers working in both nuclear and fossil power plants and industrial facilities that use large amounts of cooling water.

This book examines the role played by business in urban water governance by analyzing the evolution of the global private water sector along with four public-private partnerships in Mexico and the U.S. The local nature of water services often hides the global developments behind the rise of transnational water corporations, which have gone from being local operators to becoming dynamic and powerful actors within an interconnected transnational space for water. This book focuses on the French groups Veolia and Suez, two of the most prominent private actors in global water governance, and the development and adaptation strategies of both companies in the cities of Aguascalientes, Mexico City, Atlanta, and Milwaukee over the past 30 years. Drawing on over 100 interviews conducted with corporate executives, public authorities, and local users of water services, this book moves beyond the simplistic dichotomy of the public-private debate and develops a theoretical framework that analyzes the economic and political power wielded by transnational business actors in global water governance. Not only does the book explain how Veolia and Suez strategically mobilize resources at difference scales in order to expand their global operations, but it also provides a nuanced picture of how state regulation remains of central importance to understanding the dynamics and evolution of the global water sector. Students and scholars interested in business and the environment, including public-private partnerships, business management and transnational corporations, and water governance, will find this book of great interest as will professionals and policymakers working in these fields.

The book is about the discovery of a Standard Specific Baseline Mass Transfer Coefficient (KLa0)20 that represents a revolutionary change in the understanding, designing, and operation of aeration equipment, as well as providing a baseline for future research and development for water and wastewater treatment systems. It discusses the use of the Standard Model for oxygen transfer to determine the baseline, and its major finding is to show that the gas transfer model is a consistent relativistic theory of molecular interactions. Previously, the challenge was the appearance of divergences in the mass transfer coefficient estimations that defies aeration design. This normalization to a baseline is a great achievement in physics and engineering.

Provides an understanding for the fundamental economic approaches to groundwater policy and project evaluation Incorporates cost-benefit analysis and life-cycle approaches in a triple-bottom line framework Includes new case studies on economics of groundwater data for decisionmaking Addresses local and regional groundwater economic choices through a series of practical applications Explains the economic value of groundwater recharge for sustainable use and needs

Dynamic Simulation and Virtual Reality in Hydrology and Water Resources Management focuses on the understanding, use, and application of system dynamics simulation and virtual reality approaches for modeling the spatial and temporal behavior of natural and managed hydro-environmental systems. The book discusses concepts of systems thinking and system dynamics approach, and it furthers understanding of the dynamic behavior of natural and engineering systems using feedbacks and dynamic simulation. Numerous examples of models built using different system dynamics simulation modeling environments are provided. It also introduces concepts related to computer animation and virtual reality-based immersive modeling. Applications of systems dynamics, simulation with animation, and virtual reality approaches for modeling and management of hydro-environmental systems are illustrated through case studies. This text is ideal for water resources professionals, graduate students, hydrologic modelers, and engineers who are interested in systems thinking, dynamic simulation, and virtual reality modeling approaches. It will serve as a valuable reference for engineering professionals who model, manage, and operate hydrosystems. Engineering educators will find the book immensely useful to enhance the learning experiences of students. Dr. Ramesh S. V. Teegavarapu is a professor at Florida Atlantic University with expertise in modeling water resources and environmental systems, hydroinformatics, and climate change.Dr. Chandramouli V. Chandramouli is a professor at Purdue University Northwest. His expertise is in water resources and environmental modeling integrating artificial intelligence techniques.

This book introduces the latest thinking on the use of Big Data in the context of urban systems, including research and insights on human behavior, urban dynamics, resource use, sustainability and spatial disparities, where it promises improved planning, management and governance in the urban sectors (e.g., transportation, energy, smart cities, crime, housing, urban and regional economies, public health, public engagement, urban governance and political systems), as well as Big Data's utility in decision-making, and development of indicators to monitor economic and social activity, and for urban sustainability, transparency, livability, social inclusion, place-making, accessibility and resilience.

The aim of this book is to highlight the great potential of decentralized (i.e. local or urban) energy policies in achieving environmentally-benign developments for modern cities. Urban sustainability is placed in the context of the debate on global sustainable development. A wide array of policy initiatives is discussed and evaluated, ranging from market-based energy policies to technological innovation policies for the energy sector. A theoretical framework for technology adoption processes is developed and empirically tested. The main question addressed is: which are the critical success factors for successful urban energy policies? This question is also dealt with in a meta-analytic context by assessing and comparing the performance of energy policies in various European cities, with a particular view to renewable energy.

This informative volume provides comprehensive knowledge on various aspects of wastewater resource management from the point of process sustainability and resource recovery. This authoritative compendium is crucial for developing resource-efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment technologies and management strategies for both small (decentralized) and large (centralized) communities. Traditional wastewater systems have become increasingly energy-consuming and cost-intensive while also not meeting the increasing standards for nutrient removal and sustainable development. This book incorporates the latest developments in pollutant removal and resource recovery schemes in wastewater treatment. It highlights advances that have been made in microbiological processes; design of treatment methods; process configurations; energy conservation and efficiency improvement schemes; nutrient removal; recovery, reclamation, and recycling; beneficial uses of wastewater; and bioenergy and biochemical production from wastewater and sludge streams. Waste-to-energy technologies, especially wastewater treatment as a potential biofuel energy alternative through bioelectrochemical and other processes, are also discussed in this book.

Sustainable Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment discusses relevant sustainable technologies for water and wastewater treatment pertaining to a nanoscale approach to water treatment and desalination, membrane-based technologies for water recovery and reuse, the energy and water nexus, degradation of organic pollutants, nascent technologies, bio and bio-inspired materials for water reclamation and integrated systems, and an overview of wastewater treatment plants. The book focuses on advanced topics including in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals, which can aid in the indiscriminate oxidation of any contaminant present in wastewater, making advanced oxidation processes commercially viable. Features: A comprehensive review of current and novel water and wastewater treatment technologies from a sustainability perspective All the sustainable technologies, such as desalination, wastewater treatment, advanced oxidation processes, hydrodynamic cavitation, membrane-based technologies, sonosorption, and electrospun fibers Discussion on reference materials for important research accomplishments in the area of water and environmental engineering Theoretical aspects covering principles and instrumentation A summary on sustainability, including life cycle assessment (LCA), energy balance and large-scale implementation of advanced techniques This book is aimed at professionals, graduate students, and researchers in civil, chemical, environmental engineering, and materials science.

This book highlights the challenges faced by renewable energy enterprises (REEs) in emerging markets, by reflecting on the enterprises' own stories and experiences. Research into REEs has focused largely on successful businesses and business models, and developed markets. With significant opportunities for renewable energy enterprise in emerging markets, this book presents a unique business-level perspective. It highlights the key barriers and outlines the strategic and operational solutions for success articulated by the entrepreneurs themselves. The research draws on interviews with entrepreneurs in twenty-eight emerging markets, including Barbados, Cambodia, Chile, Ghana, Indonesia, India, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda. The book concludes by summarising the key solutions for success and illustrating how successful REEs put them into practice. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of renewable energy, sustainable business and the sustainability agenda in emerging markets.

This book introduces the concept of Water Diplomacy as a principled and pragmatic approach to problem-driven interdisciplinary collaboration, which has been developed as a response to pressing contemporary water challenges arising from the coupling of natural and human systems. The findings of the book are the result of a decade-long interdisciplinary experiment in conceiving, developing, and implementing an interdisciplinary graduate program on Water Diplomacy at Tufts University, USA. This has led to the development of the Water Diplomacy Framework, a shared framework for understanding, diagnosing, and communicating about complex water issues across disciplinary boundaries. This framework clarifies important distinctions between water systems - simple, complicated, or complex - and the attributes that these distinctions imply for how these problems can be addressed. In this book, the focus is on complex water issues and how they require a problem-driven rather than a theory-driven approach to interdisciplinary collaboration. Moreover, it is argued that conception of interdisciplinarity needs to go beyond collaboration among experts, because complex water problems demand inclusive stakeholder engagement, such as in fact-value deliberation, joint fact finding, collective decision making, and adaptive management. Water professionals working in such environments need to operate with both principles and pragmatism in order to achieve actionable, sustainable, and equitable outcomes. This book explores these ideas in more detail and demonstrates their efficacy through a diverse range of case studies. Reflections on the program are also included, from conceptualization through implementation and evaluation. This book offers critical lessons and case studies for researchers and practitioners working on complex water issues as well as important lessons for those looking to initiate, implement, or evaluate interdisciplinary programs to address other complex problems in any setting.

This book examines the nature of the 'energy curriculum' in Arctic Higher Education and provides invaluable data and new models to assess levels of Sustainable Development Literacy. Drawing on course mapping conducted in Higher Education institutions across the Arctic, Arruda looks at the nature, structure, and design of the Arctic Higher Education curriculum in order to assess levels of Sustainable Development Literacy and considers the extent to which Arctic Higher Education courses align to UNESCO Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Using data from four key case studies in Norway, Canada, and the US, and applying a framework drawn from different knowledge systems (Traditional Knowledge and Western educational system), she analyses the different educational approaches and pedagogies used and specifically considers how Higher Education in this region can contribute to the accomplishment of Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. The book concludes by proposing new models to assess Higher Education adherence to ESD and outlines how a culturally inclusive curriculum can invite different groups of people to engage in a meaningful Sustainable Development debate, learning experience, and knowledge application. This innovative volume will be of great interest to multicultural students, scholars, and educators of Sustainable Development, climate change, energy, Arctic studies, and global Higher Education across the Arctic and non-Arctic nations.

This book looks at institutional reforms for the use of energy, water and resources toward a sustainable future in East Asia. The book argues that developments in the East Asian region are critical to global sustainability and acknowledges that there is an increasing degree of mutual reliance among countries in East Asia - primarily China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. It analyzes environmental impacts stemming from the use of energy, water and mineral resources via economic development in East Asia in the medium to long term (through 2050) through theoretical and empirical modelling. The book also evaluates the ripple effects of environmental and resource policies on each country's economy and clarifies the direction of institutional reform in energy systems, resources and water use for a sustainable future.

The wide range of challenges in studying Earth system dynamics due to uncertainties in climate change and complex interference from human activities is creating difficulties in managing land and water resources and ensuring their sustainable use. Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling Land and Water Resources brings together real-world case studies accurately surveyed and assessed through spatial modeling. The book focuses on the effectiveness of combining remote sensing, geographic information systems, and R. The use of open source software for different spatial modeling cases in various fields, along with the use of remote sensing and geographic information systems, will aid researchers, students, and practitioners to understand better the phenomena and the predictions by future analyses for problem-solving and decision-making.

Exponential growth in population and improved standards of living demand increasing amount of freshwater and are putting serious strain on the quantity of naturally available freshwater worldwide. Water Management: Social and Technological Perspectives discusses developments in energy-efficient water production, management, wastewater treatment, and social and political aspects related to water management and re-use of treated water. It features a scientific and technological perspective to meeting current and future needs, discussing such technologies as membrane separation using reverse osmosis, the use of nanoparticles for adsorption of impurities from wastewater, and the use of thermal methods for desalination. The book also discusses increasing the efficiency of water usage in industrial, agricultural, and domestic applications to ensure a sustainable system of water production, usage, and recycling. With 30 chapters authored by internationally renowned experts, this work offers readers a comprehensive view of both social and technological outlooks to help solve this global issue.

This authoritative book on China's oil demand and government policies and practices rests on two essential foundations: first and foremost on the author's considerable knowledge of China's oil situation and prospects, together with his access to Chinese energy literature and data; and secondly, on that insight afforded to him and, therefore, his readers from his fluency in Chinese.

The author analyzes the Chinese oil market and the rising pressure on Beijing to reform policies which constrain China's ability to meet soaring demand and to pay for crucial imports at a time of growing political and economic uncertainties. Dr Wang acknowledges the importance of China meeting its growing domestic oil demand, if at all possible, through national production. The sheer weight of China's population, and its burgeoning requirements as industrialization spreads into most regions, dwarfs the needs of others and places unprecedented strain on international oil trades.

The author stresses the fact that the outcome is hard to define, yet the time required to tackle the nation's energy needs is not limitless. Moreover, he reminds the reader of the perennial difficulty in meeting widely disparate economic and energy needs in different regions of the vast country.

This book addresses the rapidly changing citizen roles in innovation, technology adoption, intermediation, market creation, and legitimacy building for low-carbon solutions. It links research in innovation studies, sustainability transitions, and science and technology studies, and builds a new approach for the study of user contributions to innovation and sociotechnical change. Citizen Activities in Energy Transition gives detailed and empirically grounded overall appraisal of citizens' active technological engagement in the current energy transition, in an era when Internet connectivity has given rise to important new forms of citizen communities and interactions. It elaborates a new way to study users in sociotechnical change through long-term ethnographic and historical research and reports its deployment in a major, decade-long line of investigation on user activities in small-scale renewables, addressing user contributions from the early years to the late proliferation stages of small-scale renewable energy technologies (S-RETs). It offers a much-needed empirical and theoretical understanding of the dynamics of the activities in which users are engaged over the course of sociotechnical change, including innovation, adoption, adjustment, intermediation, community building, digital communities, market creation, and legitimacy creation. This work is a must-read for those seeking to understand the role of users in innovation, energy systems change and the significance of new digital communities in present and future sociotechnical change. Academics, policymakers, and managers are given a new resource to understand the "demand side" of sociotechnical change beyond the patterns of investment, adoption, and social acceptance that have traditionally occupied their attention.

In 2014, European heads of state selected new targets for the EU as part of the 2030 climate and energy framework. These targets will guide the ambition and nature of EU policy in this area until 2030 and are likely to have important implications for Europe's transition to a low-carbon economy. This book exposes the role of civil society and business interest groups in setting the policymaking agenda and defining the range of options for the framework. Based on a unique sample of 32 in-depth interviews with Brussels policy elites, this book casts EU interest representation in a new light. In a novel application of the 'multiple streams approach', sequential chapters present the problems faced by policymakers, the range of policy options available to address them and the political constraints within which policy entrepreneurs attempted to attached policies to problems.

Water and wastewater infrastructure are a somewhat invisible, yet critical, part of modern life. Incredibly, many buried assets have been in service for 50-100 years and are still in good condition. Conversely, other systems fail well before their predicted design lives, causing property damage, injury, and even loss of life. In many cases, early detection could have prevented catastrophic failure, and understanding the state of underground infrastructure has become a key priority for many municipalities. Industry has responded with a number of new and innovative technologies for condition assessment, however, understanding these tools can be difficult, as many vendors treat their proprietary systems as trade secrets. Water and Wastewater Pipeline Assessment Technologies: Classification Systems, Sensors, and Results Interpretation provides a thorough guide to the technical workings of some of the most popular water and wastewater assessment technologies available, including CCTV crawlers, acoustic listening devices, laser sensors, 360 video cameras, pipe penetrating radar, and more. Features: Presents an overview of current technologies in CCTV inspection, including next generation video formats, high-definition resolution, and fisheye/sidescan technology. Provides helpful tips and tricks to cut through technical jargon and identify the technological specifications to compare between multiple vendors. Examines the pros and cons of competing technologies including laser and lidar, and provides an overview of unique approaches such as Pipe Penetrating Radar, Focused Electrode Leak Location, and more. Highlights the importance of coding standards, data management, and software tools that can be leveraged to create a successful asset management program. Water and Wastewater Pipeline Assessment Technologies: Classification Systems, Sensors, and Results Interpretation provides a mixture of theory and real-world, practical considerations ranging from deployment tips and data exchange formats to the technical limitations of different technologies. The book is a valuable resource for municipal employees, project engineers, and others involved in designing and implementing major inspection programs.

Land use and water resources are two major environmental issues which necessitate conservation, management, and maintenance practices through the use of various engineering techniques. Water scientists and environmental engineers must address the various aspects of flood control, soil conservation, rainfall-runoff processes, and groundwater hydrology. Watershed Management and Applications of AI provides the necessary principles of hydrology to provide practical strategies useful for the planning, design, and management of watersheds. The book also synthesizes novel new approaches, such as hydrological applications of machine learning using neural networks to predict runoff and using artificial intelligence for the prediction of groundwater fluctuations. Features: Presents hydrologic analysis and design along with soil conservation practices through proper watershed management techniques Provides analysis of land erosion and sediment transport in watersheds from small to large scale Includes estimations for runoff using different methodologies with systematic approaches for each Discusses water harvesting and development of water yield catchments This book will be a valuable resource for students in hydrology courses, environmental consultants, water resource engineers, and researchers in related water science and engineering fields.

The Common Concern of Humankind today is central to efforts to bring about enhanced international cooperation in fields including, but not limited to, climate change. This book explores the expression's potential as a future legal principle. It sets out the origins of Common Concern, its differences to other common interest legal principles, and expounds the potential normative structure and effects of the principle, applying an approach of carrots and sticks in realizing goals defined as a Common Concern. Individual chapters test the principle in different legal fields, including climate technology diffusion, marine plastic pollution, human rights enforcement, economic inequality, migration, and monetary and financial stability. They confirm that basic obligations under the principle of 'Common Concern of Humankind' comprise not only that of international cooperation and duties to negotiate, but also of unilateral duties to act to enhance the potential of public international law to produce appropriate public goods.