What does the future hold for oil and gas, what can we learn from the past and what role does law have to play in this? Using a unique temporal lens, this Research Handbook examines core themes in oil and gas regulation from historical, contemporary and forward-looking perspectives. Structured in three distinct parts, this Research Handbook begins by detailing the past dominance of oil, charting the role and influence of legal instruments and regulatory regimes governing petroleum. Using a diverse range of case study perspectives over several jurisdictions, the Research Handbook then turns to oil and gas in the modern world, with critical discussion of current petroleum legal regimes. It concludes with a series of forward-looking chapters that consider the future challenges and opportunities for oil and gas, and how petroleum-dependent states can both regulate and facilitate the age of energy transition. Surveying the technological shifts of the oil and gas sector through time, this comprehensive Research Handbook will prove an invigorating read for scholars and students of energy and natural resource law disciplines. Its discussion of emerging technologies and community impact will prove particularly useful to regulators, policymakers, corporations and legal practitioners concerned with the future of energy.

Framed for a global audience, William Hughes' new book provides a fundamental basis for understanding legal problems commonly encountered when doing business in the international oil and gas industry. Hughes- a Harvard Law School graduate, practicing attorney, adjunct professor, and Fulbright scholar- devotes substantial attention to industry legal problems arising under non-U.S. legal systems, such as those in the European Union and Islamic law regimes. Including case studies and end-of-chapter questions and notes, Fundamentals of International Oil & Gas Law is an excellent desk reference, course textbook, or introductory guide.

Greenhouse gas concentrations are rapidly increasing and pathways to limit global warming require fundamental economic transitions. Green Deals in the Making addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of Green Deals, in particular the use of market-based instruments. Expert contributors shed light on the complexities arising for the implementation of Green Deals in times of the context of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, which puts considerable strains on national economies. Chapters present theory and empirical analysis of green pricing instruments and national experiences, assessing the critical issue of finance and recycling carbon tax revenue. The book concludes with an analysis of key issues relating to circular economy considerations and plastics in achieving Green Deal goals. A critical analysis of important topics is presented including green fiscal reform, carbon taxation and sustainable urbanism. This timely book will be of great interest to researchers, students and scholars interested in environmental policy, tax and law, as well as the industry sector, policy makers and government officials.

Recent years have witnessed exciting developments in international negotiations, litigation, and scholarship about climate change, but doctrinal research in the field remains in its infancy. In particular, little is known about how fast states are required to limit and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The first part of the book identifies the relevant obligations through an analysis of treaties, custom, and other sources of international law. Beyond express quantified commitments contained for instance in nationally determined contributions, the book sheds light on the existence of general obligations of due diligence. While these general obligations are difficult to interpret, they are often more demanding. The second part explores how these general obligations can be applied objectively, for instance by a court, in concrete cases. Instead of an improbable judicial assessment of a state's requisite level of mitigation action, the book shows the possibility of assessing a state's conduct based on the measures that general mitigation obligations entail. These measures relate to corollary duties of cooperation, vigilance, and consistency. This book presents a first comprehensive doctrinal study of states' obligations on climate change mitigation. It shows that such obligations arise not only from climate treaties, but also from customary international law, unilateral declarations, and, possibly, human rights treaties. It also explores the interactions between these multiple obligations.

Analyses and critiques the key regulatory and commercial dimensions of the oil and gas industryIn recent years, a great deal has changed in the oil and gas industry, from legal and regulatory change to falling oil prices. The contemporary oil and gas industry is now intensely focussed on cost-saving and the UK has radical redrawn its revenue-raising expectations.This updated third edition of 'UK Oil and Gas Law' has been published in two volumes: this volume focuses on resource management and regulatory law, while the other deals with commercial and contract law issues. The twin volumes bring together academic and practising lawyers, mainly based in Aberdeen, Europe's Energy Capital, to consider the key regulatory and commercial dimensions of an ever-changing hydrocarbon province.New for this editionA detailed analysis of the Wood Review and its implementation, including its effects on the licensing system and third party access to infrastructureA discussion of the the changing face of the UK's tax systemA new chapter on onshore shale developmentsAn expanded treatment of decommissioning issues, including a new chapter on Decommissioning SecurityContributorsJudith Aldersey-Williams, Partner, CMS, Nabarro and Olswang, Aberdeen.James Cowie, Trainee Solicitor, Jones Day, Aberdeen.Greg Gordon, Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Aberdeen.Luke Havemann, Senior Associate, Bowmans Oil & Gas Team in Cape Town, South Africa.Tina Hunter, Professor of Law, University of Aberdeen.Alexander Kemp, Schlumberger Professor of Petroleum Economics, University of Aberdeen.Steven Latta, Assistant Head of Transnational Education, Glasgow Caledonian University.John Paterson, Professor of Law and Vice Principal for Internationalisation, University of Aberdeen.Claire Ralph, Head of Tax, Falklands Island Government; formerly Oil and Gas UK and HM Treasury.Uisdean Vass, Senior Counsel, Womble Bond Dickinson, Aberdeen.Emre Uenmez, Lecturer in Law, University of Aberdeen.Constantinos Yiallourides, Teaching Fellow, University of Aberdeen.

The international legal framework for valuing the carbon stored in forests, known as 'Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation' (REDD+), will have a major impact on indigenous peoples and forest communities. The REDD+ regime contains many assumptions about the identity, tenure and rights of indigenous and local communities who inhabit, use or claim rights to forested lands. The authors bring together expert analysis of public international law, climate change treaties, property law, human rights and indigenous customary land tenure to provide a systemic account of the laws governing forest carbon sequestration and their interaction. Their work covers recent developments in climate change law, including the Agreement from the Conference of the Parties in Paris that came into force in 2016. The Impact of Climate Change Mitigation on Indigenous and Forest Communities is a rich and much-needed contribution to contemporary understanding of this topic.

This fourth edition of the leading work on joint operating agreements (JOAs) provides a practical examination of the provisions of a typical JOA, with a particular focus on the critical issues of scope, the operator's role, joint and exclusive operations, default, transfers and decommissioning. There is also practical analysis of the key issues which apply to the operation of any JOA and the positions which are taken in the leading industry model form contracts. The perspectives of the operator and non-operator are addressed, along with consideration of the domestic and international standards applicable to petroleum projects. New features include: *a major reorganisation of chapters and appendices to present a clearer thematic approach; *greater analysis of the key differences between JOAs operating under licence regimes and concession agreements; *new chapters on information, intellectual property and technology licensing and sharing, and relevant antitrust rules; *consideration of recent model form JOA developments; and *analysis of the application of key recent case law on liquidated damages, default clauses and operator authority. Anyone engaged in the development of worldwide exploration and production projects will find Joint Operating Agreements: A Practical Guide, Fourth Edition an essential addition to their professional library.

A unified theory of conservation that addresses the broad problem of conservation, the principles that inform conservation choices, and the application of those principles to the management of the natural world. The conservation of natural resources, like that of any other asset, involves trade-offs. Yet, in a world faced with the harsh realities of climate change, crafting the right environmental policies is an increasingly urgent task. In Conservation, Charles Perrings and Ann Kinzig bring together new research in economics and biodiversity to investigate conservation decisions and the theory behind them. Perrings and Kinzig apply the concept of conservation broadly to examine how the principles of conservation apply to the management of the natural world. They demonstrate that the same basic principles serve as the foundation of all rational conservation decisions, from managing financial assets to safeguarding at-risk ecosystems. Whether someone is deciding to hold or dispose of a stock or whether to exploit or preserve a natural resource, they are better off choosing to conserve a resource when its value to them, if conserved, is greater than its value when converted. The book also considers the context of such conservation decisions. Just as national tax rules influence choices about financial investments, environmental regulations within countries, and environmental agreements between countries, impact the decisions regarding natural resources. Building on their basic theory of conservation, Perrings and Kinzig address key issues in the field of environmental economics, including the valuation of ecosystem services and environmental assets; the limits on the substitutability of produced and natural capital; and the challenges posed by the often weak markets for ecosystem services oriented toward the public good. They also address the problem of scale: while decisions might be easier to make at the local level, many conservation policies need to apply at either the national or international level to succeed. Written by experts from both social and hard sciences, this book presents a unified theory of conservation and provides a model for a more effective way to approach the vitally important issue.

Sometimes solving climate change seems impossibly complex, and it is hard to know what changes we all can and should make to help. This book offers hope. Drawing on the latest research, Mark Jaccard shows us how to recognize the absolutely essential actions (decarbonizing electricity and transport) and policies (regulations that phase out coal plants and gasoline vehicles, carbon tariffs). Rather than feeling paralyzed and pursuing ineffective efforts, we can all make a few key changes in our lifestyles to reduce emissions, to contribute to the urgently needed affordable energy transition in developed and developing countries. More importantly, Jaccard shows how to distinguish climate-sincere from insincere politicians and increase the chance of electing and sustaining these leaders in power. In combining the personal and the political, The Citizen's Guide to Climate Success offers a clear and simple strategic path to solving the greatest problem of our times. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Exploitation of natural resources has dominated economic activity in Africa but the benefits have accrued only to a privileged few. The continent's most common strategy of exporting commodities in their raw (non-valued added) form has led to disappointing results, reflected in unsustainable and non-inclusive economic growth, marginal improvements in the well-being of the population, and low levels of economic diversification and transformation. This edition examines efforts to improve the governance of Africa's abundant natural resources, emphasising the need to strengthen natural resource governance institutions and frameworks to enhance domestic revenue, the promotion of economic diversification, and structural transformation.

Identifies good practices for targeting limited financial resources to conduct integrity due diligence checks for extractive sector licensing. Principles contained will help countries to meet EITI beneficial ownership disclosure requirements to improve integrity and transparency in regulatory licensing processes in extractive sectors.

This assessment, strategy, and road map documents the status and strategic priorities of the Philippines' energy sector. This publication highlights sector performance, development constraints, government plans and strategies, past support of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and other development partners, and the strategy for future ADB support in the energy sector. It also provides sector background information for investment and technical assistance operations. The assessment is based on a systematic review of the Philippines' energy sector and consultations with the government and other development partners.

Natural resources and their effective management are necessary for securing the realisation of human rights. The management of natural resources is linked to broad issues of economic development, as well as to political stability, peace and security, but it is also intimately connected to the political, economic, social and cultural rights of individuals and communities relying on these resources. The management of natural resources often leads to ill-planned development, misappropriation of land, corruption, bad governance, misaligned budget priorities, lack of strong institutional reforms and weak policies coupled with a continued denial of the human rights of local communities. This book argues that human rights law can play an important role in ensuring a more effective and sustainable management of natural resources, putting forward the idea of a human rights-based normative framework for natural resource management. It offers a comprehensive analysis of the different norms, procedures, and approaches developed under human rights law that are relevant to the management of natural resources. Advocating for a less market and corporate approach to the control, ownership, and management of natural resources, this book supports the development of holistic and coherent integration of human rights law in the overall international legal framework governing the management of natural resources.

Renewable energy has become a game changer in Europe and on the national energy markets. It started in the last decade with low participation in the market-driven primarily by traditional hydro with some use of biomass-to becoming the big winner in new capacity across Europe and the world. More recently, access to renewables in the market is being organized differently in the EU 28 Member State, with some established patterns-such as priority grid access, and a majority of countries utilising various feed-in mechanisms- steered by the Directorate General for Competition of the EU Commission towards auctioning systems. We have seen progress and roll-back, legal and investor certainty and the exact opposite. It is no longer so much about market access of renewables but about a new market design. Incumbent energy production becomes the obstacle for system change. The coming decade will have further barriers but the pathway towards sustainabil- ity is set, with different speed restrictions in the various member states; a look across the pond to the United States provides further insight. This new book, Volume III - Renewable Energy in the Member States of the EU, covers a broad overview of the latest developments in the EU member states in the renewable energy sector, as well as on energy efficiency. The book describes energy market legislation with a special focus on market design and system integration, including support mechanisms, grid access, licensing, planning, auto production, interconnection, network planning, and security of supply. It also elaborates on structural fund use within this sector.

This important new work offers a comprehensive and compelling account of State aid law and policy and its application to the energy sector. Clearly structured and offering meticulous detail and robust analysis, it is required reading for all practitioners in the field. The volume explores general questions from the definition of State aid to its application in Member States by national courts. It also examines questions of procedure, questions of compatibility, and State aid and the EEA. It is an invaluable tool for lawyers, policymakers and tax professionals specialising in State aid law and energy law, written by a team of leading practitioners and academics in the field.

As climate change makes the Arctic a region of key political interest, so questions of sovereignty are once more drawing international attention. The promise of new sources of mineral wealth and energy, and of new transportation routes, has seen countries expand their sovereignty claims. Increasingly, interested parties from both within and beyond the region, including states, indigenous groups, corporate organizations, and NGOs and are pursuing their visions for the Arctic. What form of political organization should prevail? Contesting the Arctic provides a map of potential governance options for the Arctic and addresses and evaluates the ways in which Arctic stakeholders throughout the region are seeking to pursue them.

Disputes in the energy and natural resources sector are at the heart of international arbitration. With more arbitrations arising in the international energy sector than in any other sector, it is not surprising that the highest valued awards in the history of arbitration come from energy-related arbitrations. Energy disputes often involve complex and controversial issues relating to security, sovereignty, and public welfare. International Arbitration in the Energy Sector puts international energy disputes into a global context, providing broad coverage of different forms and systems of dispute resolution across both renewable and non-renewable sectors. With contributions from leading practitioners, arbitrators, academics, and industry experts from across the globe, the eighteen chapters in the book enable readers to compare the approaches to, and learnings from, energy arbitrations across various legal systems and geographic regions. After outlining the international energy arbitration legal framework, the text delves into a detailed analysis of the problems which regularly arise in practice. These include, among other things, commercial disputes in Part I (e.g. over the upstream oil sector and long-term gas supply contracts), investor-state disputes in Part II (e.g. under the Energy Charter Treaty), and public international law disputes in Part III (e.g. concerning international boundaries and the distribution of natural resources). Alongside recent developments in the international energy sector, attention is given to climate and sustainable development disputes, which raise important questions about enforcing sustainability objectives on individuals, corporations, and states. Backed by analyses of arbitral awards, national court and international tribunal decisions, treaties, and other international legal instruments, as well as current events and news in the energy industry, this text offers a unique contribution to international energy literature and provides insightful commentary on the prevalent issues in the field. It is essential reading for any practitioner or researcher in the energy and natural resources sector.

The Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) is the most widely used host government contract in the oil and gas industry, and is becoming the leading choice for most countries in their relationship with International Oil Companies (IOCs). However, there are many jurisdictional variations, and being aware of and understanding these is crucial for oil and gas practitioners working in this space. This title is the first comparative treatment of this topic and provides a comprehensive, in-depth overview of Production Sharing Agreements in key oil and gas jurisdictions around the world. It offers a rich, critical analysis and evaluation, and features contributions from an international group of leading experts and academics who address the legal, economic and political aspects of PSAs. It also provides guidance on key recent developments by looking at jurisdictions' overall regulatory framework and their relationship with the PSA. This edition covers jurisdictions worldwide, including: *Brazil; *Indonesia; *Kazakhstan; *Nigeria; and *Russia Production Sharing Agreements: A Global Legal Handbook will be of interest to practitioners, academics and anyone who is involved in these contracts. It provides readers with a clear understanding of PSAs in different jurisdictions, and a variety of practical recommendations and takeaways.

The production of oil and natural gas in the United States has increased rapidly over the past decade. As of 2014, domestic production of crude oil had grown to about half of total consumption, and domestic production of natural gas represented almost 95 percent of total consumption. Domestic oil and gas production occurring on federal lands or in federal waters off the coast of the United States represented about one-fifth of total U.S. production in 2014. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects crude oil prices to average in the lower to upper $50 per barrel range through 2015. This lower price, if sustained, may impact long term oil development and lower production volumes. This book focuses on issues and options for federal income from crude oil and natural gas. It discusses potential budgetary effects of immediately opening most federal lands to oil and gas leasing, reviews U.S. crude oil and natural gas production in federal and non-federal areas, and provides a legal framework for offshore oil and gas development.

2014 Reprint of 1959 Edition. Full facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. The relevance and importance of Samuel P. Hay's book, "Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency," has only increased over time. Written over a half a century ago, it offers an invaluable history of the conservation movement's origins, and provides an excellent context for understanding contemporary environmental problems and possible solutions. Against a background of rivers, forests, ranges, and public lands, this book defines two conflicting political processes: the demand for an integrated, controlled development guided by an elite group of scientists and technicians and the demand for a looser system allowing grassroots impulses to have a voice through elected government representatives.

This book was originally published by Claeys and Casteels, now formally part of Edward Elgar Publishing. The purpose of this book is to propose an innovative vision on the development process of the enlarged Mediterranean region. Triangulating the Gulf Cooperation Council, North Africa and the European Union into a unique cooperation scheme, the book highlights the strong complementarity that exists between these regions in the field of renewable energy. The wide availability of Sovereign Wealth Funds' capital in the Gulf Cooperation Council, the great renewable energy potential of North Africa and the institutional support of the European Union are the three main pillars of this cooperation scheme. This triangulation would enhance not only the energy outlook of the overall Mediterranean region, but also its socio-economic development, ultimately promoting an enlarged area of cooperation, stability and peace.This book was originally published by Claeys and Casteels, now formally part of Edward Elgar Publishing. The purpose of this book is to propose an innovative vision on the development process of the enlarged Mediterranean region. Triangulating the Gulf Cooperation Council, North Africa and the European Union into a unique cooperation scheme, the book highlights the strong complementarity that exists between these regions in the field of renewable energy. The wide availability of Sovereign Wealth Funds' capital in the Gulf Cooperation Council, the great renewable energy potential of North Africa and the institutional support of the European Union are the three main pillars of this cooperation scheme. This triangulation would enhance not only the energy outlook of the overall Mediterranean region, but also its socio-economic development, ultimately promoting an enlarged area of cooperation, stability and peace.

Pressing economic, energy security, and environmental concerns are driving rapid growth in global investments in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other clean energy technologies. The U.S. government has an unparalleled opportunity to join forces with the private sector, international institutions, and other countries to accelerate this global clean energy market transformation and capture vital domestic benefits. This book examines how U.S. international clean energy leadership can produce enormous benefits domestically and internationally.