Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe is often cited as the key to unlock the decarbonisation of sectors such as transport, heating and industrial processes, while also transforming the role that renewable energy plays in the electricity mix. Together with carbon capture and storage technology or coupled with renewable generation, this energy vector is a likely key pillar in the ongoing energy transition. This Special Report considers the key legal and regulatory challenges and opportunities in developing, financing and operating hydrogen projects, including: Key technologies, methods and hydrogen's role in the net zero agenda; Key stakeholders and their roles; Key policies and legal frameworks; and Revenue streams, commercial models and issues for financiers. The Special Report will also consider how hydrogen can be used in industrial processes, transport and the heating sectors. Written for a legal and non-legal audience, this report will appeal to those looking for a deeper understanding of the opportunities in the hydrogen sector and ways in which some of these may be realised.

Acquisitions and divestitures are common occurrences in the international oil and gas industry, ranging in size and complexity from transformational mergers between supermajors to transactions at an individual asset level. These transactions are used in order to manage both costs and risks. Although the recent oil price slump has somewhat reduced the level of transactional activity, that level is expected to increase again in the near term. Low oil prices are creating an increasing number of distressed sellers and an increasing number of opportunistic buyers, including some that have not traditionally participated in the upstream oil and gas industry. Sale and purchase agreements relating to oil and gas assets are highly specialised, reflecting the unique nature and characteristics of the industry itself. This book, written by experienced and well-known practitioners from within the oil and gas industry, is intended to provide a practical review of the provisions typically included in such agreements. The second edition of this title includes updated and revised chapters from the first edition, as well as new chapters on: preliminary agreements (memoranda of understanding, letters of intent); disclosure letters; private equity transactions; warranty and indemnity insurance; and material adverse changes. This new edition aims to benefit lawyers and commercial negotiators working in the industry who handle sale and purchase transactions and who want to better understand the usual terms and conditions involved in those transactions. Legal professors and their students could also benefit from using the book as a teaching aid based on real-world experience.

The Association of International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN) model form joint operating agreement (JOA) was first issued in 1990 and has undergone a number of subsequent revisions. It is the most widely-used (although not always the most liked) joint operating agreement in international conventional oil and gas projects today. This book offers a pragmatic, detailed clause-by-clause review of the most recent (2012) version of the conventional petroleum AIPN JOA. Each clause is analysed in depth by reference to: (1) a statement of what the clause says; (2) a summary of the intended meaning of the clause; and (3) observations on how the clause tends to be modified in practice and might be improved. The book also analyses the major appendices of the AIPN JOA, including the accounting procedure and the lifting procedures. This book is written by experienced practitioners who together have many years of knowledge and understanding in redrafting, negotiating and applying the AIPN JOA. It will be invaluable to legal representatives, financiers, commercial managers, operational personnel and government parties who are dealing with the AIPN JOA, whether for the first time or from a position of relative familiarity.

As climate change makes the Arctic a region of key political interest, so questions of sovereignty are once more drawing international attention. The promise of new sources of mineral wealth and energy, and of new transportation routes, has seen countries expand their sovereignty claims. Increasingly, interested parties from both within and beyond the region, including states, indigenous groups, corporate organizations, and NGOs and are pursuing their visions for the Arctic. What form of political organization should prevail? Contesting the Arctic provides a map of potential governance options for the Arctic and addresses and evaluates the ways in which Arctic stakeholders throughout the region are seeking to pursue them.

First published in 2011, Water Law in India is the only book to offer a comprehensive survey of the legal instruments concerning water in India. It presents a variety of national and state-level instruments that make up the complex and diverse field of water law and policy. This book fills a critical gap in the study of water law, providing a rich reference point for the entire gamut of legal mechanisms available in India. This edition has been extensively revised to include new instruments on water regulation, such as the draft National Water Framework Bill, 2016, and the Model Groundwater (Sustainable Management) Act, 2016; new water-related instruments in such varied fields as criminal law, land acquisition law, and rural employment legislation; and a chapter on international legal instruments. Chapters on drinking water supply, environmental dimensions of water conservation, water infrastructure for irrigation and flood control, groundwater regulation, and institutions catering to water have been thoroughly updated for a complete coverage of water law.

Solar Power Generation Problems, Solutions, and Monitoring is a valuable resource for researchers, professionals and graduate students interested in solar power system design. Written to serve as a pragmatic resource for solar photovoltaic power systems financing, it outlines real-life, straightforward design methodology. Using numerous examples, illustrations and an easy to follow design methodology, Peter Gevorkian discusses some of the most significant issues that concern solar power generation including: power output; energy monitoring and energy output enhancement; fault detection; fire and life safety hazard mitigation; and detailed hardware, firmware and software analytic solutions required to resolve solar power technology shortcomings. This essential reference also highlights the significant issues associated with large scale solar photovoltaic and solar power generation technology covering design, construction, deployment and fault detection monitoring as well as life safety hazards.

The petroleum industry is highly specialised. Over the centuries, it has developed many standard petroleum arrangements and contracts that are not familiar to all across the industry - and even less to the outside world. Each has its own detailed terms and provisions. This new edition uniquely combines an encyclopaedia with commentary on both midstream and downstream activities. The topics it covers include energy policies; the relevant players in the sector - from governmental authorities to national oil companies; gas storage; the regulatory and contractual frameworks governing gas and sales agreements; liquefied natural gas; pipelines; distribution networks; and refineries. It has also been expanded with new chapters covering topics such as: Shipping; Antitrust; Third-party access; Taxation; and ESG. This approach enables all those involved in the petroleum industry to master the necessary legal terms in one publication. Chapters are written by leading experts from across the globe to provide the best industry practices and standards. The encyclopaedia will serve as a valuable tool for lawyers, industry professionals, consultants and academics who are interested in understanding the key legal terms and provisions of the oil and gas industry.

Electricity Decentralization in the European Union: Towards Zero Carbon and Energy Transition, Second Edition examines progress in decentralization across the European Union, with each chapter focusing on developments and innovations in a specific country. Sections provide an overview of the current role and state of smart grids, the conceptualization of energy transition, and specific cases across all EU states. Across the chapters, regulatory frameworks are assessed to identify to what extent it is conducive to decentralization, with specific outcomes of decentralization covered in detail, including deployment of smart grids and meters, demand response, electric vehicles, and storage. The book highlights how specific EU member states are progressing towards deployment of these tools and technologies, along with the specific needs and regulatory barriers in each and recommendations for how regulation can be more encouraging. In addition, electricity interconnections in the EU are considered as a vital step towards decentralization in order to boost energy security and energy efficiency. Finally, the book includes a detailed examination of data protection concerns that arise from the advent of new technologies that collect personal information, such as smart grids, assessing current regulation on data protection and identifying areas for improvement, as well as innovative finance options for sustainable energy.

Title 50 presents regulations governing the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation and importation of wildlife and plants; wildlife refuges; wildlife research; fisheries conservation areas; fish and wildlife restoration; marine mammals; whaling; fisheries; tuna fisheries; and international fishing. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by October. Publication follows within six months.

Minerals and mining are key to the world economy. The mining and processing of minerals are major sources of income and employment in many countries and minerals are used to make many essential goods that people and economies require worldwide. This practical title outlines in a single volume the essential principles involved in the life of a mining project, from preliminary agreements, to the sale and purchase of minerals, and the decommissioning of mining assets. It is intended as a practical guide for anyone seeking a better understanding of key commercial and legal principles and documentation involved in finding and developing a mining project. co-edited by Canadian law firm Cassels Brock & Blackwell's Darrell Podowski, a highly-ranked expert in mining law, and Jennifer Poirier, organiser of Canadian-based mining association, the Young Mining Professionals, this practical title features contributions from leading practitioners around the world. Whether you are a lawyer in private practice or in industry, a commercial negotiator or from a financial institution or mineral resource or mining-sector advisory practice, this title will provide a comprehensive insight into minerals and mining transactions.

Following the success of International Energy Investment Law: The Pursuit of Stability, this updated and expanded second edition re-examines and assesses the variety of contract- and treaty-based instruments in commercial and international law that strive to protect the respective interests of investors and states in the international energy industry. Over past years an unprecedented growth of international investment law in the form of BITs, MITs, other treaty-based instruments, and domestic legislation has fundamentally altered the legal framework and offers extensive scope for international arbitration in the event of disputes. A wave of unilateral state action has tested the system in a number of high-value commercial disputes, most evidently in Latin American, Eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa; protection for investors is being tested as arbitrators develop new notions of legitimate expectation and give content to fair and equitable treatment, while mapping out more precisely the duties which investors owe to host states. This book critically examines the interaction between contract and treaty forms of stability in the new multi-tier setting, including highly detailed regional case studies of Latin America, Eastern Europe, and (new to this edition) Africa. Central to the new edition is its expanded content on renewable energy, including claims under the Energy Charter Treaty, and energy-related minerals now playing a key role in the transition to a low carbon economy; the updated chapter on environmental issues also addresses decommissioning and low carbon/climate change issues. The book also considers emerging issues in unconventional oil and gas, issues arising from energy network operation including transit, and damages issues arising in energy cases. Particular attention is paid to the practical impact of these issues and the enforcement of awards by arbitration tribunals and bodies such as the ICSID, the ICC, and the LCIA. In its concluding section, the book looks forward to new challenges arising from climate change, human rights, and environmental issues.

Title 50 presents regulations governing the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation and importation of wildlife and plants; wildlife refuges; wildlife research; fisheries conservation areas; fish and wildlife restoration; marine mammals; whaling; fisheries; tuna fisheries; and international fishing. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by October. Publication follows within six months.

Title 50 presents regulations governing the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation and importation of wildlife and plants; wildlife refuges; wildlife research; fisheries conservation areas; fish and wildlife restoration; marine mammals; whaling; fisheries; tuna fisheries; and international fishing. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by October. Publication follows within six months.

Title 50 presents regulations governing the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation and importation of wildlife and plants; wildlife refuges; wildlife research; fisheries conservation areas; fish and wildlife restoration; marine mammals; whaling; fisheries; tuna fisheries; and international fishing. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by October. Publication follows within six months.

The upstream oil and gas sector in Brazil has suffered several changes since the first edition of Brazilian Upstream Law and Gas. These changes relate, among others, to the introduction of a production sharing regime, local content challenges and new regulations for unconventional operations. This new edition will include fully updated versions of all of the chapters covered in the first edition (including but not limited to the key elements of the Brazilian upstream legal framework, general Brazilian law, the regulatory entities and other players in the upstream sector, the petroleum legal regime, decommissioning challenges and project finance opportunities), but will also cover the regulatory changes for pre-salt and strategic areas, unconventional operations, local content challenges and other relevant topics. The chapters are written by highly respected Brazilian professionals, including experts from Mattos Filho, Pinheiro Neto, Machado Meyer Sendacz e Opice Advogados, Vieira Rezende, Merrill Lynch, Campos Mello Advogados and Ernst & Young (now known as EY). Their insights offer reliable guidance for international investors, as well as the lawyers assisting them, when they are required to consider potential investments in Brazil. Such insights will be particularly useful for those who are not yet familiar with the country's legal system.

Title 10 presents regulations governing energy resources; nuclear, oil, alternative fuels, and natural gas; energy sales; and energy conservation.

Over the past decade, upstream activities have increased significantly in Brazil. However, companies that succeed in finding oil or gas are faced with a myriad of questions to consider. Can they export their hydrocarbons? Do they have the necessary infrastructure in place? Do they need to build this? If so, how? Can they refine their products in Brazil? What is the market for those products? What regulation is involved? How can they reach the final consumer in the petrol station? This practical new handbook aims to provide the answers to each of these questions. A companion to Brazilian Upstream Oil and Gas, the book features chapters by highly respected Brazilian and international professionals, including experts from Baker Botts, Pinheiro Neto, Vieira Rezende, Veirano Advogados and Machado Meyer. Their insights offer reliable guidance for international investors - and the lawyers assisting them - when considering investment in Brazil, particularly for those who are unfamiliar with the country's legal system. In combination with Brazilian Upstream Oil and Gas, this book will provide essential knowledge for any reader in understanding petroleum law and regulation in Brazil, from the field to the petrol station.

Oil and gas are key drivers of the world economy and the technical, commercial and legal applications which support their exploitation are becoming increasingly sophisticated. This new third edition of our best-selling title outlines in a single volume the essential principles involved in documenting oil and gas transactions, from the upstream exploration phase to transportation by pipeline and liquefied natural gas to sales and marketing. It is intended as a practical guide for anyone seeking a better understanding of the commercial and legal principles involved. Edited by Renad Younes, Partner at international law firm Ashurst, the fully updated third edition features contributions from leading practitioners including experts at Dentons, King & Spalding and Ashurst. Whether you are a lawyer in private practice or in industry, a commercial negotiator or from a financial institution or energy advisory practice, this title will provide a comprehensive insight into the oil and gas business.

Minerals and mining are key to the world economy. The mining and processing of minerals are major sources of income and employment in some states. Minerals are used to make goods, materials and energy which are essential to people and economies worldwide. The exploration and exploitation of minerals, and related technical, commercial and legal matters, are continuously developing. They are affected by scientific and technological advances, and by increasing legal and other requirements. Such requirements relate to health, safety, the environment, climate change and social responsibility, and to a balanced distribution of risks, costs and benefits between mining companies, public authorities and local communities. This practical handbook describes the main regulations and agreements on minerals and mining activities in a number of significant mining nations. Each chapter - written by leading professionals in the field, including from Allen & Overy, SNR Denton and Webber Wentzel - covers the same topics for ease of reference. Topics featured include international and national regulations and agreements on minerals and mining; legal instruments such as licences, concessions, production sharing agreements and mining development agreements; mining projects and related agreements and financing; mining management and operating agreements; sale and purchase of mining assets; mineral trading; environmental protection and liability; social responsibility; taxation and government take. Minerals and Mining: A Practical Global Guide provides a practical insight into the regulations and agreements on minerals and mining for practitioners in the field, including lawyers, commercial managers, advisers, engineers and financiers.

In recent years solar power has been on the march. Since the millennium global solar power generation capacity has grown from 1GW to 300GW and the growth curve is not linear; the last five years have seen a marked acceleration as technologies become more efficient, manufacturing prices come down and more countries adopt low carbon regulatory policies in which solar power can play a key part. China alone saw an increase of installed solar power capacity of 33GW in 2016 and the China PV Industry Association predicts an additional 20-30GW of growth by the end of 2017. The solar power market's dynamism is matched by its complexity. As well as advances in technology and manufacturing processes, and variations in how the technology is deployed, the regulatory and fiscal policies adopted in individual countries can vary widely. However, some common themes have emerged and the potential for further growth in solar power can perhaps be better discerned now than when the market was in its infancy. Solar Power: A Practical Handbook provides an in-depth analysis of various aspects of solar power including its commercial, technological and regulatory characteristics. It also provides a practical guide to developing, financing, acquiring and disposing of solar power projects. Whilst being a technology which has been adopted on a global basis, each jurisdiction has its own dynamics, so the book considers the market-specific aspects of solar power in a number of key locations including China, Japan, the US and others. The book concludes with a look at the future of solar power; its place alongside distributed generation, smart grids and power storage and the technologies, opportunities and challenges for the future. This book, featuring chapters by leading practitioners, will be of interest to lawyers, commercial managers, financiers and other consultants.

International mining disputes represent a significant and growing area of disputes over natural resources, yet the unique risks inherent in the mining industry set them apart, both in the nature of the disputes and the approach taken to resolve them. International arbitration has emerged as the mechanism of choice for the resolution of such disputes. This has given rise to a wealth of arbitral decisions from which certain principles specific to the mining sector are developing. This book is the first of its kind to bring together thorough analysis of arbitral decisions and insightful commentary on both dispute resolution and the business of mining, in order to provide a comprehensive guide to arbitration in the mining sector. Part I introduces the different parties involved in international mining projects; Part II explains the main risks and challenges involved in mining projects and how they result in different types of disputes; Part III provides practical advice for parties and counsel involved in international mining disputes, including in-depth analysis of the confidentiality issues that so often arise in connection with international mining disputes and the conditions and strategies for the settlement of these disputes; and Part IV examines the substantive principles applicable to international commercial and investor-State mining disputes.

Offering an introduction to students on the most essential elements of EU energy law and policy, this volume will be the go-to text for those seeking knowledge of EU energy regulation and its objectives, as well as an overview of energy law. Specific topics will cover the content of sector-specific energy regulation, the application and impact of general EU law on energy markets, third party access, unbundling, investment in cross-border networks, energy trading and market supervision, the application of general EU competition law on energy markets, the impact of free movement provisions, and the application of state aid rules. A structured, step by step guide through the fundamental areas of EU energy law.

Technological advancement, financial incentives, and policy concerns have driven a global expansion in the development of renewable energy resources. Recent concerns over energy supply and pricing have led some to look increasingly to federal lands as a potential energy source. Wind energy, in particular, is now often cited as the fastest-growing commercial energy source in the world. Currently, all U.S. wind energy facilities are based on land. However, multiple offshore projects have been proposed and are at various stages of the federal permitting process. This book discusses various energy projects in federal jurisdictions including wind energy and offshore oil and gas development.

Mining of Hardrock minerals on federal lands is governed primarily by the General Mining Law of 1872. The law grants free access to individuals and corporations to search for minerals in public domain lands, and allows them, upon making a discovery, to stake a claim on that deposit. A claim gives the holder the right to develop the minerals and may be "patented" to convey full title to the claimant. This book explores the issue of whether this law should be reformed, and if so, how to balance mineral development with competing land uses.

The golden age of abundant, easy-to-access oil is over and, as a result, international oil and gas companies must search for new and more complex oil and gas provinces. Moreover, independent companies are adopting an even broader approach as they analyse unconventional plays. The 21st-century oil and gas industry increasingly demands a global approach as companies - both major and small - compete on the international stage. This fully updated second edition of our practical handbook, now in two volumes, takes an in-depth look at the most relevant petroleum provinces, summarising upstream regulation and key concerns in over 30 important and emerging oil and gas jurisdictions. Issues featured include the key terms of petroleum law, the types of legal arrangement in place, the fiscal terms, how to qualify to acquire acreage, governing law, dispute resolution mechanisms, decommissioning and governmental control. As a result, the book provides a comprehensive global resource for upstream investments. New areas of coverage for this edition include Algeria, Ecuador, Israel, Lebanon, Morocco and Oman. Many entities are keen to analyse and assess opportunities all over the world and so this book will appeal to a range of participants, including international oil companies, independents, national oil and gas companies, legal advisers and consultants, who need to understand the general requirements of oil and gas provinces and the respective best practices across the globe.