It is no surprise that the subject "The Future of the Law of the Sea" meets with special interest in the Netherlands. "The sea is our element, the roaring sea our glory," as the old folksong says. For a nation whose and prosperity are so closely connected with the sea, it is of the fate utmost importance to which regime the nations that border upon, sail and exploit the sea are subjected. Until recently nobody worried about the legal regime of the sea. The principle of the freedom of the sea, since Hugo Grotius one of the strongest, hardly assailable, principles of inter national law, was it not of paramount importance for the Netherlands? Since the Second World War this security does not exist any more. International Law is shaken in its foundations. This law, once anchored in the sense of justice of the then leading nations, which certainly did not think similarly, but to a certain extent along the same lines, has been shaken by the development of groups which no longer accept these rules as the guiding principle of their actions. The alarmingly scant willingness among the younger nations to accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court, and the scarce assignments conferred to that Court, bear witness to this crisis. More and more International Law is traversed by economical, sociological, political and power factors which are pushing aside the conceptions of law once considered stable.

Dieses Werk ist der rote Faden durch das oftmals schwer uberschaubare Zivilrecht, wobei die fall- und praxisorientierte Darstellung dominiert."

Der Autor nimmt eine Bestandsaufnahme und kritische Analyse volkerrechtlicher Instrumente und Regeln fur nationale und internationale Verfahren zur Beilegung von Konflikten uber grenzuberschreitende Umweltprobleme vor. Er setzt sich mit den besonderen Anforderungen auseinander, die der grenzuberschreitende Umweltschutz an die Streitbeilegung stellt, und untersucht eingehend die herkommlichen Methoden der friedlichen Streitbeilegung, innovative Methoden der Normdurchsetzung durch Non-Compliance Mechanismen und volkerrechtliche Regeln fur die Einbeziehung der betroffenen Personen, Unternehmen und Organisationen in nationale wie internationale Verfahren. Im Mittelpunkt der Analyse stehen zum einen der Umgang mit Konflikten, die gemeinsame Interessen der Staatengemeinschaft betreffen, und zum anderen Mechanismen, die den Interessenausgleich unmittelbar zwischen den Betroffenen ermoglichen."

Umfassende Darstellung und rechtliche W rdigung des Biosafety-Protokolls sowie seiner Auswirkungen auf das Welthandelssystem der WTO. Im ersten Teil wird eine Einf hrung in die Gr ne Gentechnik," ihre Grundlagen, Chancen und Risiken gegeben; der zweite Teil behandelt dann das Biosafety-Protokoll, seine Entstehung, Inhalte und Einbindung in das internationale Regelungsgeflecht. Im Anschluss daran werden die Auswirkungen des Protokolls auf das System der WTO analysiert.

Ein renommiertes Autorenteam behandelt in diesem interdisziplinaren Studienbuch Probleme der Energiegeschichte, Energiesysteme, Energietechnik und der Potentiale der erneuerbaren Energien: Wasser- und Windkraft, Biomasse, Geothermie, Photovoltaik und Solarthermie; der Verbesserung der Rahmenbedingungen fur ihre Markteinfuhrung; Handlungskonzepte und Forderungsschwerpunkte der EU, USA und Japans in diesem Bereich; Aktivitaten der Bundesregierung und Vorschlage nichtstaatlicher Akteure hierzu sowie Strategien zur rationellen Energienutzung; Methoden fur einen Energiekonsens und Kriterien zur Beurteilung von Energiesystemen; Handlungskonzepte und Vorschlage fur den Ausbau der Sonnenenergie im Mittelmeerraum und in Afrika sowie politische Faktoren bei der Markteinfuhrung in der Triade: USA, Japan und der EU."

Global climate change is a topic of continuously growing interest. As more international treaties come into force, media coverage has increased and many universities are now starting to conduct courses specifically on climate change laws and policies. This textbook provides a survey of the international law on climate change, explaining how significant international agreements have sought to promote compliance with general norms of international law. Benoit Mayer provides an account of the rules agreed upon through lengthy negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and multiple other forums on mitigation, geoengineering, adaptation, loss and damage, and international support. The International Law on Climate Change is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students studying climate, environmental or international law. It is supported by a suite of online resources, available at www.internationalclimatelaw.com, featuring regularly updated lists of complementary materials, weblinks and regular updates for each chapter.

Fresh water is one of man's most vital needs. The distribution of water within river basins has a direct bearing on the organization of water resources development to meet this ever-expanding need. River basins, despite their very great diversity in other respects, have one physical characteristic in common: each is a more or less self-contained unit within whose bounds all the surface and part or all of the ground waters form an interconnected, interdependent system. This inter dependence has such far-reaching implications - for pollution and flood control, apportionment of supply, relations between upstream and downstream riparians, to mention only a few examples - that the river basin has become almost universally accepted (within the past 20 or 30 years at least) as the unit of optimal water resources de velopment. Professor Teclaff's work (which was originally submitted to the New York University School of Law as a doctoral dissertation) is the first fully developed response to the important resolution passed by the International Law Association at its New York meeting in I958 recognizing the legal nature of the international river basin. His study quite properly, therefore, poses the question whether the adoption of the river basin unit is a temporary phenomenon, reflecting the current stage of technology and of administrative, economic, and legal thought on water resources development, or whether the de terminative influence of the river basin's physical unity which has always operated in the past will continue to operate in the future."

Legal and environmental concerns related to Indian law and tribal lands remain an understudied branch of both indigenous law and environmental law. Native American tribes have a far more complex relationship with the environment than is captured by the stereotype of Indians as environmental stewards. Meaningful tribal sovereignty requires that non-Indians recognize the right of Indians to determine their own relationship to the land and the environment. But tribes do not exist in a vacuum: in fact they are deeply affected by off-reservation activities and, similarly, tribal choices often have effects on nearby communities. This book brings together diverse essays by leading Indian law scholars across the disciplines of indigenous and environmental law. The chapters reveal the difficulties encountered by Native American tribes in attempts to establish their own environmental standards within federal Indian law and environmental law structures. Gleaning new insights from a focus on tribal land and property law, the collection studies the practice of tribal sovereignty as experienced by Indians and non-Indians, with an emphasis on the development and regulatory challenges these tribes face in the wake of climate change. This volume will advance the reader's knowledge and understanding of these challenging issues.

Although concerns over the ecological impacts of pesticides gave rise to the environmental movement of the late 1960s and 1970s, since that time, pesticide use and its effects have been largely ignored by the law and by legal scholars. This book addresses this omission by providing a unique and serious treatment of the significance of pesticide issues in environmental law and takes an ecological perspective on the legal issues. Dealing with a wide range of questions relating to pests and pesticides, the book focuses primarily on agricultural pesticide use as the largest contaminator in the US. It also examines the legacy of past pesticide use and analyzes how recent developments in ecological science can inform the law and increase our understanding of ecology. Interdisciplinary in its approach, the book will be of interest to academics, lawyers, scientists and environmental and agricultural professionals.

At the UN General Assembly in 1997, an overwhelming majority of States voted for the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses - a global overarching framework governing the rights and duties of States sharing freshwater systems. Globally, there are 263 internationally shared watersheds, which drain the territories of 145 countries and represent more than forty percent of the Earth's land surface. Hence, inter-State cooperation towards the sustainable management of transboundary water supplies, in accordance with applicable international legal instruments, is a topic of crucial importance, especially in the context of the current global water crisis. This volume provides an assessment of the role and relevance of the UN Watercourses Convention and describes and evaluates its entry into force as a key component of transboundary water governance. To date, the Convention still requires further contracting States before it can enter into force. The authors describe the drafting and negotiation of the Convention and its relationship to other multilateral environmental agreements. A series of case studies assess the role of the Convention at various levels: regional (European Union, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, Central America and South America), river basin (e.g. the Mekong and Congo) and national (e.g. Ethiopia and Mexico). The book concludes by proposing how future implementation might further strengthen international cooperation in the management of water resources, to promote biodiversity conservation as well as sustainable and equitable use.

Ein wichtiger Bereich fur das Ziel eines nachhaltig zukunftsfahigen Wirtschaftens im Bedurfnisfeld "Bauen und Wohnen" ist der bisher in der Forschung wenig berucksichtigte Bereich der Altbaumodernisierung. Hierin liegen sehr grosse Potentiale, aber auch Hemmnisse fur Massnahmen zur Energieeinsparung. Ausserdem fallen bei Neueinbau und Entsorgung erhebliche Mengen von Stoffstromen in vielfaltiger Zusammensetzung und zum Teil mit problematischen Inhaltsstoffen an. Die Studie untersuchte die komplexen Strukturen, Rahmenbedingungen, Entscheidungsprozesse, Verflechtungen der beteiligten Akteure und Hemmnisse fur ein zielfuhrendes Stoffstrommanagement bei der Altbaumodernisierung an Fallbeispielen sowie mittels zahlreicher Gesprache mit Beteiligten im Baugeschehen und eines Workshops mit Akteuren aus dem Bereich des Mietwohnbaus. Daraus wurden Empfehlungen abgeleitet."

This book focuses on the issues of global environmental injustice and human rights violations and explores the scope and limits of the potential of human rights to influence environmental justice. It offers a multidisciplinary perspective on contemporary development discussions, analysing some of the crucial challenges, contradictions and promises within current environmental and human rights practices in Latin America. The contributors examine how the extraction and exploitation of natural resources and the further commodification of nature have affected local communities in the region and how these policies have impacted on the promotion and protection of human rights as communities struggle to defend their rights and territories. The book analyses the emergence of transnational activism in the context of collective action organised around socio-environmental conflicts, the infringement of basic human rights and the emergence of alternative and sometimes conflicting development models. Furthermore, it critically discusses why governments are often willing to override their commitments to sustainability and human rights to promote their development agenda. The chapters originally published as a special issue in The International Journal of Human Rights.

Die TU Darmstadt setzte in Kooperation mit namhaften Industrieunternehmen EcoDesign nachhaltig in deren Unternehmenspraxis um. Der Forschungsbereich wurde von der DFG gef rdert und erzielte praxisnahe und nachvollziehbare Ergebnisse: zuk nftige rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen, Implementierung, Entwicklung umweltgerechter Energiespeicher, Arbeitsmittel f r Investitionsg ter u.v.m. Plus: konkrete Fallbeispiele, Umsetzungsleitfaden f r Anwender.

On the 10th of October 2002 the International Court of Justice delivered the Bakassi decision, which, amongst other things, excised the resource rich land and maritime territory of Bakassi from Nigeria and transferred its legal title to Cameroon. These two countries under the auspices of the United Nations established the mechanism of the Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission to honour and implement their obligations under the ICJ decision. Over a decade after the ICJ decision this volume brings together academics and practitioners to assess the impact of this decision and the challenges and issues that have been raised in the course of its implementation. Hailed by some as a model of preventive diplomacy and a blueprint for the future, this timely assessment illuminates the difficulties in imposing such controversial decisions and considers whether this type of Mixed Commission is an adequate mechanism for implementing them.

The rapid industrialization of societies has resulted in radical changes to the Earth's biosphere and its local ecosystems. Climate scientists have recorded and forecasted worrying global temperature rises going back to the early twentieth century, while biologists and palaeontologists have suggested that the next mass extinction is on its way if the current rate of species loss continues. To avert further ecological damage, excessive natural resource use and environmental deterioration are challenges that humanity must deal with now. The human species has had such a significant impact on the natural environment that the present geological epoch can be referred to as the 'Anthropocene', the age of humans. The blame and responsibility for the prevailing unsustainability, however, cannot be assigned equally to all humans. To analyse the root problems and consequences of unsustainable development, as well as to outline rigorous solutions for the contemporary age, this transdisciplinary book brings together natural and social sciences under the rubric of the Anthropocene. The book identifies the central preconditions for social organization and governance to enable the peaceful coexistence of humans and the non-human world. The contributors investigate the burning questions of sustainability from a number of different perspectives including geosciences, economics, law, organizational studies, political theory and philosophy. The book is a state-of-the-art review of the Anthropocene debate and provides crucial signposts for how human activities can, and should, be changed.

Das Handbuch bietet einen umfassenden Uberblick uber das Recht des Emissionshandels und gibt zahlreiche praktische Hinweise. Das Emissionshandelsrecht stellt als neues Rechtsgebiet vor allem Betreiber von Industrieanlagen vor zahlreiche Herausforderungen. Eine Vielzahl von Betreibern ist verpflichtet, fur den Ausstoss von Kohlendioxid aus ihrer Anlage eine entsprechende Menge an Emissionsberechtigungen vorzuhalten. Das Handbuch beleuchtet hierzu ausfuhrlich die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen."

The history of human rights suggests that individuals should be empowered in their natural, political, political, social and economic vulnerabilities. States within the international arena hold each other responsible for doing just that and support or interfere where necessary. States are to protect these essential human vulnerabilities, even when this is not a matter of self-interest. This function of human rights is recognized in contexts of intervention, genocide, humanitarian aid and development. This book develops the idea of environmental obligations as long-term responsibilities in the context of human rights. It proposes that human rights require recognition that, in the face of unsustainable conduct, future human persons are exposed and vulnerable. It explores the obstacles for long-term responsibilities that human rights law provides at the level of international and national law and challenges the question of whether lifestyle restrictions are enforceable in view of liberties and levels of wellbeing typically seen as protected by human rights. The book will be of interest to postgraduates studying Human Rights, Sustainability, Law and Philosophy.

Typically, the legal investigation of nonhuman life, and of animal life in particular, is conducted through the discourse of animal rights. Within this discourse, legal rights are extended to certain nonhuman animals through the same liberal framework that has afforded human rights before it. Animals, Biopolitics, Law envisions the possibility of lively legalities that move beyond the humanist perspective. Drawing on an array of expertise-from law, geography, and anthropology, through animal studies and posthumanism, to science and technology studies-this interdisciplinary collection asks what, in legal terms, it means to be human and nonhuman, what it means to govern and to be governed, and what are the ethical and political concerns that emerge in the project of governing not only human but also more-than-human life.

The EU has been the region of the world where the most climate policies have been implemented, and where practical policy experimentation in the field of the environment and climate change has been taking place at a rapid pace over the last twenty-five years. This has led to considerable success in reducing pollution, decoupling emissions from economic growth and fostering global technological leadership. The objective of the book is to explain the EU's climate policies in an accessible way, to demonstrate the step-by-step approach that has been used to develop these policies, and the ways in which they have been tested and further improved in the light of experience. The book shows that there is no single policy instrument that can bring down greenhouse gas emissions, but the challenge has been to put a jigsaw of policy instruments together that is coherent, delivers emissions reductions, and is cost-effective. The book differs from existing books by the fact it covers the EU's emissions trading system, the energy sector and other economic sectors, including their development in the context of international climate policy. Set against the backdrop of the 2015 UN Climate Change conference in Paris, this accessible book will be of great relevance to students, scholars and policy makers alike.

This work discusses the rapidly developing European transport policy on sustainable freight and the connected efforts initiated by the European Commission (EC) on greening transport by the means of contract law. Greening transport has been a central goal for the EU for decades. The main problem has been, and still is, that far too much carriage of goods within the EU is performed unimodally: by road carriage alone. This has caused severe problems particularly in central Europe, where both trade and environment is suffering from an ineffective transport industry with growing problems of congestion and pollution. A modal shift in transport from mainly road based to a form of transport in which more environmental friendly modes such as rail, inland waterways and sea born transport are integrated into one transport chain, is hence an objective of the EU. If successful, this model could then be extended to the international transport community. The key question raised in this book is whether the traditional role of contract law is changing to such an extent that the parties involved must take external interests into account. In the case of the EU's efforts to enhance sustainable carriage of goods within its realm, the author explores whether governmental interference is necessary, or if we can trust that the parties will integrate environmental issues into their contracts because there is a demand for such clauses. The different proposals for an EU regime on multimodal contracts of carriage are discussed in this context. This book will be of great relevance to academics and practitioners with an interest in EU law, transport law, environmental law and maritime law in general.

The environment has not always been protected by law. It was not until the middle of the 20th century that 'the environment' came to be understood as an entity in need of special care, and the law-politics duo firmly fixed its focus on this issue. In this book Wickham and Goodie tell the story of how law and politics first came upon the environment as an object in need of special attention. They outline the unlikely intersection of aesthetics and science that made 'the environment' into the matter of great concern it is today. The book describes the way private common-law strategies and public-law legislative strategies have approached the task of protecting the environment, and explore the greatest environmental challenge to have so far confronted environmental law and politics; the threat of global climate change. The book offers descriptions of many of the strategies being deployed to meet this challenge and present some troubling assessments of them. The book will be of great interest to students, teachers, and researchers of environmental law, socio-legal studies, environmental studies, and political theory.

In this objective, practical and authoritative introduction to animal law, the author examines the foundational concepts of the human-animal relationship and how those principles have, or have not, been translated into contemporary animal welfare law. It describes the various uses of animals in society, the practical relevance of animal health and welfare to activities of professionals, and animal welfare in the context of global issues including climate change, disease control, food safety and food supply. Relevant to companion, farm, captive (zoo and laboratory) and wild animals, the book has international application in countries with both established and developing legislation. It focuses on the issues and principles, referencing contemporary animal welfare law to provide a global benchmark. The author acknowledges the diversity of views regarding animals as individual beings and beloved pets, to pure commodities. Yet animals need to be treated as one stakeholder, along with other interests, under the law. Based on successful courses run by the author, the book combines science and ethics to provide an accessible introduction to the key principles of animal law and welfare.

In this objective, practical and authoritative introductory text the author reveals how the fundamental principles of the human-animal relationship drive the development of animal law. The book explains the criteria by which the lawful use of animals is determined, and how these criteria impact evolving standards of animal protection and define the responsibilities of people in their interactions with animals. The author identifies 29 key principles which constitute the core knowledge necessary for people involved in debating, assessing, and guiding the evolution of society's national and international rulebook of animal welfare law. The book also considers animal welfare and law in the context of a global market through discussion of common issues such as climate change, biosecurity, food safety and food supply. Based on successful law courses run by the author and his own expertise as an animal law lecturer, prosecutor and specialist legal adviser, the book combines insights from science, ethics and law to provide an essential understanding of what informs society and the law with regards to animals and their welfare.

Das Werk richtet sich an alle, die forschend, lehrend, lernend oder praktisch mit den rechtlichen und betriebswirtschaftlichen Bereichen des international Business zu tun haben. Aus dem Inhalt: Vertragsrecht und Vertragsgestaltung bei internationalen Kaufvertragen. Internationale Produkthaftung. Eigentumsvorbehalt im internationalen Handel. Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit. Gerichtliche Durchsetzung von Anspruchen. Zahlungsrisiken und Einflussfaktoren auf die Zahlungsbedingungen. Nichtdokumentare Zahlungsbedingungen und Instrumente - Auslandsuberweisungen, Auslandsscheks, Auslandswechsel, Bankakzepte. Zahlung und Zahlungssicherung mit Dokumenteninkassi (Documentary Collections). Zahlung und Zahlungssicherung mit Dokumentenakkreditiven (Documentary Credits). (Zahlungs-)Sicherung mit Bankgarantien - mit Mustertexten. Zahlungssicherung und Risikouberwalzung bei langfristigen Zahlungszielen - mit Exkurs zum Exportfactoring. Risikouberwalzung auf Ausfuhrkreditversicherungen bzw. auf den Bund (Hermes-Deckungen). Anhang: Incoterms 2000."