This book offers a comprehensive review of how plastic pollution is affecting fresh and marine waters, and what the current challenges in plastic waste assessment and management in the aquatic environment are. Plastic waste comprises particles with heterogeneous physicochemical properties such as large size-range, different shapes and polymer types with various additives determining their environmental fate and risk. This complexity raises several open research questions which are explored in this book. Examples are the plastic uptake by aquatic organisms, degradation processes as well as sources and sinks in the environment. Readers will discover real case studies of plastic pollution detection and management in different parts of the world, including Asia, America and Europe, which provide an integrated overview of the global scope of this issue. This book and the companion volume Plastics in the Aquatic Environment - Part II: Stakeholders' Role Against Pollution are valuable resources to students, researchers, policymakers and environmental managers interested in plastic pollution and working towards its reduction.

This book provides an in-depth study of the management of standards and regulation in sustainable and radical innovation development. It considers the case of micro Combined Heat and Power (mCHP) technology. The developers of this radical innovation in the European heating sector encountered major conflicts when attempting to create or adapt standards when bringing the technology to market. Utilising rich research data and interviews with key actors, the author uses this case to derive a grounded theory on the management of standards and regulation during an innovation process. The results also have important implications for innovators, which are reflected in clear advice for practice.

This book covers the full spectrum of water and environment conservation, offering management lessons, identifying the barriers to transformative change, and then presenting agendas and initiatives for sustainable global water and environment management. Water is a unique resource and is vital to human beings and ecosystems. At the same time, it is a driver of growth and development. However, in a changing world factors such as rapid population growth and urbanization are having an increasing impact on water and the environment, and managing critical water resources sustainably represents an unprecedented and urgent challenge. As such, the book describes innovative approaches that can be used to support the operationalization and delivery of sustainable water and environment management. ICSDWE 2019 is dedicated to sustainable water and environment, with a focus on the water resources management, wastewater treatment and environmental protection. Sharing current knowledge and recent developments, experiences and lessons learned, it stimulates discussion and reflection, to promote a paradigm shift toward sustainable water and environment management.

This book provides a broad overview of the financial, economic and legal implications of energy industry regulations in various countries. In light of significant changes around the globe, it analyses various institutions that are involved in regulative measures, and based on various country studies, it offers insights into how energy sector regulations differ across countries with different market structures and institutions. Covering major topics such as laws and regulations geared to market competition and sustainability and the impact of noncompliance to regulations, from the perspectives of financial markets, and financial risks, the book is divided into four parts: Part I Regulations: price and trade controls; Part II. Non-price & trade control regulations; Part III: Compliance with regulations; and Part IV: Market issues and regulation. It will appeal to scholar in economics, finance and related fields as well as to policymakers and practitioners in the energy industry. This is the seventh volume in a series on energy organized by the Centre for Energy and Value Issues (CEVI). The previous volumes in the series were: Financial Aspects in Energy (2011), Energy Economics and Financial Markets (2012), Perspectives on Energy Risk (2014), Energy Technology and Valuation Issues (2015), Energy and Finance (2016) and Energy Economy, Finance and Geostrategy (2018).

Oil and Terrorism in the New Gulf examines the national security implications of U.S. energy security policies in the Middle East, and the emerging U.S. involvement in oil exploration and extraction in West Africa. Similar political, social, and economic challenges poverty, corruption, lack of infrastructure, and weak governments are seen in the oil-producing states of both the Middle East and Africa. Drawing comparisons between these two regions allows Forest and Sousa to formulate policy recommendations for how to handle foreign policy toward Africa in the future based on lessons learned from past interaction with the Middle East. Oil and Terrorism in the New Gulf promises to inform a lively debate over the future of U.S. foreign policies toward Africa and is a valuable resource for policymakers and the academic community that should be approached in a coherent, integrated fashion to ensure the success of the United State's energy and national security agendas.

Price review disputes have become an increasingly prominent feature in gas and LNG markets over the past decade. While the first wave of disputes were driven by the 'triple whammy' of recession, US shale gas and the liberalisation of the gas markets in Europe, further waves have followed with the development of increasingly liquid trading hubs across Europe, ongoing volatility in commodity prices and the continuing influx of liquefied natural gas (LNG) into Europe. And the trends previously seen in Europe are starting to be replicated in Asian markets. This practical second edition will cover the various aspects of international gas pricing disputes. It contains contributions from leading international arbitration practitioners and arbitrators in the field, in-house counsel and industry experts. It covers the various stages of a gas pricing dispute, from drafting the clause to triggering a review, all the way through the various stages of the arbitral process. It also builds on the first edition by containing insights into more substantive topics such as hub indexation, the impact on pricing of non-price terms like destination flexibility, and the differences between gas and LNG price reviews. Despite the large number of high-value disputes in this area, this is one of the very few publications to draw together the various strands of gas pricing disputes into one book. It is therefore an invaluable guide for practitioners, in-house counsel and anyone else with an interest in this area.

Energy Power Risk: Derivatives, Computation and Optimization is a comprehensive guide presenting the latest mathematical and computational tools required for the quantification and management of energy power risk. Written by a practitioner with many years' experience in the field, it provides readers with valuable insights in to the latest practices and methodologies used in today's markets, showing readers how to create innovative quantitative models for energy and power risk and derivative valuation. The book begins with an introduction to the mathematics of Brownian motion and stochastic processes, covering Geometric Brownian motion, Ito's lemma, Ito's Isometry, the Ornstein Uhlenbeck process and more. It then moves on to the simulation of power prices and the valuation of energy derivatives, before considering software engineering techniques for energy risk and portfolio optimization. The book also covers additional topics including wind and solar generation, intraday storage, generation and demand optionality. Written in a highly practical manner and with example C++ and VBA code provided throughout, Energy Power Risk: Derivatives, Computation and Optimization will be an essential reference for quantitative analysts, financial engineers and other practitioners in the field of energy risk management, as well as researchers and students interested in the industry and how it works.

While everyone wants energy that is clean, cheap, and secure, these goals often conflict: traditional fossil fuels tend to be cheaper than alternative fuels, but they are hardly clean or (in the case of oil) secure. This timely book provides an easy-to-understand explanation of the issues as well as sensible proposals for a truly sustainable energy policy. Economist James Griffin points out that current energy policies are fatally flawed and that government policies should focus on "getting the prices right" so that the prices of fossil fuels reflect their true costs to society--including greenhouse gas and security costs. By using carbon and security taxes, alternative energy forms will be able to compete on a more even playing field against fossil fuels. This will unleash advances in alternative energy and conservation technologies enabling the marketplace and consumers to find the right balance among energy sources that are cheap, clean, and secure.

The energy world is dangerously divided between fossil fuel producers and environmentalists. A vicious head-on fight that affects everything - world poverty, governments, environmental catastrophe, big business. David Howell - Lord Howell of Guidlford - outlines the how we got here and the way ahead

Originally published in 1983. Extensive research into the archives of the lead industry has culminated in this comprehensive and fascinating account of the industry from the earliest times to the 1980's. It traces the origins of the various types of lead manufacturing and the nineteenth-century expansion of the industry. The technological changes within the industry are traced in detail, and an appraisal of modern industry and its future prospects concluded this definitive and very readable history of the lead industry.

This book looks at institutional reforms for the use of energy, water and resources toward a sustainable future in East Asia. The book argues that developments in the East Asian region are critical to global sustainability and acknowledges that there is an increasing degree of mutual reliance among countries in East Asia - primarily China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. It analyzes environmental impacts stemming from the use of energy, water and mineral resources via economic development in East Asia in the medium to long term (through 2050) through theoretical and empirical modelling. The book also evaluates the ripple effects of environmental and resource policies on each country's economy and clarifies the direction of institutional reform in energy systems, resources and water use for a sustainable future.

This study seeks to help inform federal and state policymakers, energy producers, investors, and consumers about the potential energy market impacts of state and federal policy decisions associated with the Clean Power Plan as proposed. The report outlines the potential electric power sector and broader energy market impacts of policy design options and implementation choices by modeling the Clean Power Plan. In addition to mapping out the impacts on the electric power sector and consumers, the report also assesses the impact of the Clean Power Plan on potential changes in natural gas and coal production at the national and regional level.

The unique challenges associated with understanding network industries requires insights from a range of disciplinary perspectives, namely economics, engineering, law, and political science. This book analyzes the de- and re-regulation of the network industries and the regulatory challenges these industries will face in the future. Network industries are characterised by economics that entail limiting effects on competition and market creation, and the book highlights the drivers behind their liberalization as well as the inherent need for regulation as liberalization unfolds. By way of an historical approach, the author offers insights into the distinctive approaches between Europe and North America in the past whilst also presenting the pervasive role digitalization increasingly comes to play. A concise overview of the state of thinking about the network industries, this book will be vital reading for researchers, advanced students and practitioners.

As East and Southeast Asia continue to modernize and urbanize, their demand for energy will soar. Besides seeking to import fossil fuels from the Middle East, Africa, the Caspian Region, Russia, Latin America, Australia, etc., it is imperative for these Asian countries to cooperate in substantially raising the efficiency with which energy is consumed. This book offers a comprehensive examination of East and Southeast Asia's energy conservation policies. It begins with a summary of the current and projected energy supply and demand patterns in the region, and a discussion about the need and basis for cooperation in energy conservation. This is followed by an examination of the energy conservation policies and progress to date in seven ASEAN countries and in China, Japan and Korea.

Energy Fables: Challenging Ideas in the Energy Sector takes a fresh look at key terms and concepts around which energy research and policy are organised. Drawing on recent research in energy and transport studies, and combining this with concepts from sociology, economics, social theory and technology studies, the chapters in this collection review and challenge different aspects of received wisdom. Brief but critical introductions to classic notions like those of 'energy efficiency', 'elasticity', 'energy services' and the 'energy trilemma', together with discussions and analyses of well-worn phrases about 'low hanging fruit' and 'keeping the lights on', articulate aspects of the energy debate that are often taken for granted. In re-working these established themes and adding twists to familiar tales, the authors develop a repertoire of new ideas about the fundamentals of energy demand and carbon reduction. This book presents a valuable and thought-provoking resource for students, researchers and policy-makers interested in energy demand, politics and policy.

This book analyzes energy security dynamics in Europe through the prism of security logics. Drawing on the literature on securitization, security logics and security contexts, it scrutinizes energy security debates and policy developments in Germany, Poland and Ukraine, focusing on the pipeline politics, nuclear energy and renewables sector. The contextualized analysis accounts for the wider historical, socio-economic and cultural background from which energy policies emerge and gives a voice to the different stakeholders-from policymakers to the local NGO sector. The book sheds light on the root causes of different energy policy decisions and illustrates that European energy security is currently driven by four security logics-war, subsistence, risk and emancipation. The logic of emancipation is a newly emergent phenomenon embraced by many bottom-up citizens' initiatives and manifested in their drive to self-reliance, the rhetoric of liberation and local practices of energy production. The conceptualization and analysis of the emancipatory logic vis-a-vis other energy security logics help to explain European energy context most effectively-with its background conditions, emerging trends and often controversial national policy approaches. This book will be of much interest to students of critical security studies, energy policy and European politics in general.

This book provides a balanced critique of a range of international sustainability certification schemes across nine agricultural and natural resource industries. Certification schemes set standards through intramarket private and multi-stakeholder mechanisms, and while third-party verification is often compulsory, certification schemes are regulated voluntarily rather than legislatively. This volume examines the intricacies of certification schemes and the issues they seek to address and provides the context within which each scheme operates. While a distinction between sustainability certifications and extra-markets or intrabusiness codes of conducts is made, the book also demonstrates how both are often working towards similar sustainability objectives. Each chapter highlights a different sector, including animal welfare, biodiversity, biofuels, coffee, fisheries, flowers, forest management and mining, with the contributions offering interdisciplinary perspectives and utilising a wide range of methodologies. The realities, achievements and challenges faced by varying certification schemes are discussed, identifying common outcomes and findings and concluding with recommendations for future practice and research. The book is aimed at advanced students, researchers and professionals in agribusiness, natural resource economics, sustainability assessment and corporate social responsibility.

This book, first published in 1984, examines the economics and political issues raised by foreign investment in mineral development. It is an attempt to identify, as far as possible, what occurs in and between countries when foreign investments are made in mineral development, concentrating on two main themes: on the nature of the transactions which constitute the process of foreign investment on the physical level - money and instruments of credit, objects, information and people as they cross national boundaries - and on the nature of the relationships which are created between foreign investors and governments in the countries where the investments are made. The author argues that the nature of physical transactions plays a crucial role in determining the character of host country-foreign investor relations, and the policies and attitudes adopted by host country authorities exercise an important influence, in turn, on the physical effects of foreign investments. As such, the book constitutes a comprehensive overview of the economic and political factors involved in mining and its development.

Providing an analysis of multilateral power markets, this book examines power interconnection in Southeast Asia, especially among the ASEAN countries. It uses evolutionary experience of electricity interconnection and trade in three international markets that have relevance for ASEAN to draw upon common global themes. Specifically, it compares the Southern African Power Pool, the European grid, and Nord Pool. Discussing the progress made among ASEAN countries in regional energy integration, with a particular focus on the Greater Mekong Sub-region interconnection, it also examines the recently announced interconnection concept between Lao People's Democratic Republic, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. Exploring the challenges facing ASEAN interconnection of power grids in the context of previous experience elsewhere in the world, this book presents a template for appropriate best practice in terms of technical, political, and financial requirements. It will therefore be of value to decision makers interested in the political economy of energy in Southeast Asia, as well as academics working on Energy Politics and Southeast Asian Politics.

Attracting private investment and delivery of services to the poor majority are two of the major goals for reforming and regulating the power sector in sub-Saharan Africa. This book believes the important determinants of new investment in the electricity industry are the licensing process and the tariff regime. If the licensing process is to attract private investors, the procedures must be clear and must function efficiently and transparently, and the tariff regime reflect actual costs. The rationale for attracting private investment is straightforward -- the inadequacy of existing power systems in the region to meet demand. In many countries, frequent power cuts linked to inadequate electricity generation capacity are the norm rather than the exception. The rationale for considering the plight of the poor is based on both ethical and sustainability considerations. In ethical terms, access to energy is a fundamental human right in the context of social justice. In sustainability terms, a reformed private-investor-dominated power sector that does not recognize the plight of the poor may represent sound economics yet prove to be socially and politically unsustainable. It is therefore necessary to ensure that the recommended regulatory reforms are sensitive to the needs of the poor majority. This volume examines the extent to which the twin goals of attracting investment and providing energy to the poor are addressed by the existing legal and regulatory framework. By studying six countries in the east and southern African region, some helpful lessons worth sharing with other African countries are learned.

This bold and controversial argument shows why energy transitions are inherently complex and prolonged affairs, and how ignoring this fact raises unrealistic expectations that the United States and other global economies can be weaned quickly from a primary dependency on fossil fuels. Energy transitions are fundamental processes behind the evolution of human societies: they both drive and are driven by technical, economic, and social changes. In a bold and provocative argument, Energy Transitions: History, Requirements, Prospects describes the history of modern society's dependence on fossil fuels and the prospects for the transition to a nonfossil world. Vaclav Smil, who has published more on various aspects of energy than any working scientist, makes it clear that this transition will not be accomplished easily, and that it cannot be accomplished within the timetables established by the Obama administration. The book begins with a survey of the basic properties of modern energy systems. It then offers detailed explanations of universal patterns of energy transitions, the peculiarities of changing energy use in the world's leading economies, and the coming shifts from fossil fuels to renewable conversions. Specific cases of these transitions are analyzed for eight of the world's leading energy consumers. The author closes with perspectives on the nature and pace of the coming energy transition to renewable conversions.

This book is ground breaking in its study of business actors in climate and energy politics. While various studies have demonstrated the influence of business actors across multiple policy domains, this is the first to examine the behaviour of business actors in energy centric industries in the US that will be vital for achieving a clean energy transition, namely the oil, gas, coal, utility, and renewable industries. Drawing on almost 80 interviews with senior energy executives, lobbyists, and policymakers, it asks two central questions: (i) how and why are business actors shaping energy policy contests in the US? And (ii) what are the implications for policymakers? In answering these questions, this book provides new insights about the preferences and strategies of business in the energy sector, and, significantly, it identifies strategies for policymakers seeking to regulate energy in the face of political resistance from incumbent fossil fuel industries. This book will be of particular value to students, scholars, and policymakers working in the fields of energy, climate, and environmental politics, as well as individuals generally interested in the role that business exerts over policy processes.

Current events related to energy policy a" skyrocketing gasoline prices, the 2003 Northeast Blackout, the Kyoto Protocola (TM)s enactment, passage of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, and the influence of recent Gulf Coast hurricanes on energy supplies and prices a" demand innovative approaches towards conceptualizing the relationship between energy and American society.

This book takes on a central quandary in the study of energy and environmental policy: What myths continue to exist in American culture concerning energy, the environment, and society? It enrolls twenty-four of the nationa (TM)s top experts working on energy policy in industry, government laboratories, utilities, nonprofit organizations, and universities to debunk and contextualize thirteen energy myths relating to electric power, renewable energy, energy efficiency, transportation, and climate change.

While the book focuses on the American experience, it will be of interest to those working in the fields of energy policy, energy and the environment, and technology assessment worldwide.

"This is a brilliant, bold, and fascinating book a ]that should be read by anybody even remotely concerned about energy, the environment, or the future of American society." (Art Rosenfeld, Commissioner, California Energy Commission and recipient of the 2006 Enrico Fermi Award)

"a ]This work is a must-read for anyone interested in American energy policy." (Kateri Callahan, President, Alliance to Save Energy)

"a ]By collecting the best minds to debunk the greatest of these myths, Sovacool and Brown have brought us a step closer to finding a national energy policy based on common sense." (Chris Cooper, Executive Director, Network for New Energy Choices)

"a ] Sovacool and Brown provide a bold and imaginative way forward." (John A. "Skip" Laitner, Visiting Fellow and Senior Economist, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy)

Sub-Saharan Africa is on the verge of an energy boom. New discoveries off the East and West coasts have raised hopes of significant revenues that can accelerate poverty reduction and enhance Africa's status as a destination for industrial investment. The question that African governments, citizens, and international partners confront is whether this time will-or can-be different. Can the harsh lessons offered by Africa's more established producers and the continent's previous energy booms be learned?