Burning coal in electric utility plants produces, in addition to power, residues that contain constituents which may be harmful to the environment. The management of large volumes of coal combustion residues (CCRs) is a challenge for utilities, because they must either place the CCRs in landfills, surface impoundments, or mines, or find alternative uses for the material. This study focuses on the placement of CCRs in active and abandoned coal mines. The committee believes that placement of CCRs in mines as part of the reclamation process may be a viable option for the disposal of this material as long as the placement is properly planned and carried out in a manner that avoids significant adverse environmental and health impacts. This report discusses a variety of steps that are involved in planning and managing the use of CCRs as minefills, including an integrated process of CCR characterization and site characterization, management and engineering design of placement activities, and design and implementation of monitoring to reduce the risk of contamination moving from the mine site to the ambient environment. Enforceable federal standards are needed for the disposal of CCRs in minefills to ensure that states have adequate, explicit authority and that they implement minimum safeguards. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Coal Combustion Residues 3 Behavior of Coal Combustion Residues in the Environment 4 Potential Impacts from Placement of CCRs in Coal Mines 5 Current Regulatory Framework 6 Characterization for CCR Management 7 Management of CCR in Reclamation Activities 8 Synthesis of Issues for Planning and Regulation of CCR Mine Placement References A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff B Information Provided to the Committee C Glossary D Acronyms and Abbreviations E Side By Side Comparison RCRA to SMCRA F Regulatory Requirements for Isolation Plate 1

A complete guide to OSHA training requirements for hazardous waste cleanup professionals
Love Canal, Times Beach, Bhopal--these and other industry-related environmental disasters provided the impetus for present-day regulations governing cleanup of hazardous waste sites and the health and safety training of workers engaged in these operations. This manual addresses the 1986 amendments to Congress's "Superfund" act (known as SARA) and the growth industry in hazardous waste remediation that emerged as a result. Specifically, it deals with the OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.120 that requires all businesses with hazardous waste operations--and all remediation contractors--to train their staffs on a regular basis, stressing training for managers, supervisors, scientists, and engineers.
Covering all training topics mandated by OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.120, this comprehensive guide
* Conforms point by point to OSHA's 40-hour off-site training requirement for site professionals, managers, and supervisors
* Includes field-tested, practical instructional material, based on the author's own successful 40-hour courses at the University of Wisconsin extension program that has trained more than one thousand environmental professionals since 1986
* Addresses the entire spectrum of health and safety issues, including health risks associated with specific chemicals and safe handling of hazardous materials
* Demonstrates the correct use of protective gear and how to follow safe work practices
* Discusses the continually changing regulatory and enforcement climate that governs the removal of hazards from waste sites
* And much more

The text of choice for any hazardous site operations training program, whether taught in universities, government agencies, or industry, Hazardous Waste Site Operations is an excellent guide for instructors, an invaluable reference for students, and a useful resource for professionals in the field.

This publication is concerned with radioactive waste that requires geological disposal. It discusses the partnership arrangements necessary for the development of a multinational repository for disposal of this waste, but it also emphasizes that countries should not rely solely on a multinational solution and should in addition have coherent national plans for disposal (a dual track strategy). The publication focuses on multinational approaches based on the IAEA scenario for cooperation among countries in joint projects for the establishment of a shared geological repository. It describes the phased approach that would be needed, indicating the decision processes to be undertaken by partners in the multinational project, both within a national context and in the scope of the joint endeavour. It highlights a wide range of legal and institutional aspects, including the contractual obligations among partners, the economic and financial arrangements, liabilities, nuclear security, regulatory and legislative aspects, waste transportation arrangements, and social issues. It also addresses the uncertainties and risks involved in the implementation of a multinational repository.

Poison in the Well provides a balanced look at the policy decisions, scientific conflicts, public relations strategies, and the myriad mishaps and subsequent cover-ups that were born out of the dilemma of where to house deadly nuclear materials. Hamblin traces the development of the issue in Western countries from the end of World War II to the blossoming of the environmental movement in the early 1970s.

This publication is a revision of IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 8, Preventive and Protective Measures against Insider Threats, published in 2008. The new publication provides updated guidance to States, their competent authorities and operators, and shippers and carriers on selecting, implementing and evaluating measures for addressing insider threats. It applies to any type of nuclear facility, notably nuclear power plants, research reactors and other nuclear fuel cycle facilities (e.g. enrichment plants, reprocessing plants, fuel fabrication plants, storage facilities), whether in design, redesign, construction, commissioning, operation, shutdown or decommissioning.

This publication provides guidance to States for developing a risk informed approach and for conducting threat and risk assessments as the basis for the design and implementation of sustainable nuclear security systems and measures for prevention of, detection of, and response to criminal and intentional unauthorised acts involving nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control. It describes concepts and methodologies for a risk informed approach, including identification and assessment of threats, targets, and potential consequences; threat and risk assessment methodologies; and the use of risk informed approaches as the basis for informing the development and implementation of nuclear security systems and measures. The publication is an Implementing Guide within the IAEA Nuclear Security Series and is intended for use by national policy makers, law enforcement agencies and experts from competent authorities and other relevant organizations involved in the establishment, implementation, maintenance or sustainability of nuclear security systems and measures related to nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control.

This publication summarizes the reviewed information distributed in previous IAEA publications and provides an up to date, overall picture of the management of disused sealed radioactive sources (DSRSs) based upon the current status and trends in this field. It incorporates the most recent experience in source management, including newly developed techniques used for DSRS conditioning and storage. Problems encountered and lessons learned are also highlighted in the publication in order to help avoid the mistakes commonly made in the past in managing disused sources.

This publication provides Member States with a detailed methodology to establish a national strategy for education and training in radiation, transport and waste safety, in order to build competence in a sustainable and timely manner. Guidance is provided on assessing education and training needs, giving consideration to the national legal and regulatory framework for education and training, and the current and future facilities and activities; designing the national education and training programme based on the needs; and optimizing national resources to complement external assistance. A practical example of the application of the methodology is generated for a hypothetical country, outlining the chronological sequence of the actions to be taken, their timeframe, and the role and contribution of the different national stakeholders. This methodology has been tested in the field during 20 regional workshops attended by about 300 participants from more than 80 Member States.

Despite significant progress having been achieved in recent years, much remains to be done in terms of addressing the legacies from the early development of nuclear energy, including the dismantling of redundant research and fuel cycle facilities, research reactors and power plants, and the remediation of sites affected by past uranium mining and processing operations. Some countries are moving forward with dealing with these legacies, and accordingly have built up appropriate technical resources and expertise, but many national programmes still face very significant challenges. This publication discusses the barriers that prevent the implementation of decommissioning and environmental remediation (D&ER) projects and provides potential solutions to overcome the identified barriers and thereby facilitates a better implementation of D&ER programmes.

Immobilisation of high level toxic wastes by vitrification is a well established process that has been studied extensively over last 40 years. A suitable glass host is used to dissolve the high level nuclear waste to form a glassy (vitreous) homogeneous product that can be cast into suitable forms, including large glass blocks. The main advantages of the vitrification route include the fact glass is a good solvent for waste, glasses can be processed at reasonably low temperatures, glass is very tolerant of variations in waste composition, glass exhibits reasonable chemical durability, glass is radiation resistant and can accommodate changes occurring during decay of high level nuclear waste constituents. This book analyses the immobilisation of high level toxic wastes through the use of an appropriate glass host.

The European Community's research programme 'Management and Disposal of Radioactive Waste' has the prime objective of finding effective means for ensuring the safety of man and his environment against the potential hazards arising from such wastes. In 1980, the Commission of the European Communities held its first major meeting on the subject, and published the proceedings, discussions and results. This volume presents the proceedings of the second such conference, following the completion of a research and development programme in the five intervening years. The main topics discussed are: treatment and conditioning technology, testing and evaluation of waste forms and packages, geologic disposal, migration, and performance analysis of geologic isolation systems; representing an analysis of the latest results achieved by sustained collaboration of leading laboratories in Europe. Thus, all of the contributions are of a high standard from the major exponents in the field throughout the European Community.

New chemical compounds are constantly being created to meet specific industrial applications and for human uses. Release of these compounds into the environment is inevitable and their contamination of natural resources, as well as their effect on human health, remain an important global ecological concern. Many compounds degrade in the presence of various natural processes, so there is a need to understand whether new compounds will persist in the environment or will eventually break down innocuously. ""Natural Processes and Systems for Hazardous Waste Treatment"" discusses the various natural processes for the attenuation and degradation of hazardous compounds and these processes' application in inexpensive natural systems. Major attenuation processes that are covered include: sorption and sequestration, biodegradation and assimilation processes, photo-processes, phyto-processes, oxidation-reduction, and physical processes. Extensive up-to-date references are presented, as are numerous illustrations, tables, and case studies. This book will serve as a reference for undergraduate or graduate students, as well as for practicing professionals.

This work provides a tool for engineers or decision-makers to evaluate the applicability of Zero-valent iron (Fe0) and give them the technical solutions about the engineering application of Fe0 to contaminated sites. Written from both theoretical and practical viewpoints, this book covers the comprehensive principles, latest research findings, and innovative development of Fe0 in hazardous waste and inorganics removal. Moreover, the approaches of design, installation and performance evaluation of Fe0-based PRBs are also covered.

Natural Attenuation of Hazardous Wastes provides the regulatory framework, scientific and engineering principles, and applications of natural attenuation for the remediation of contaminated sites. Natural attenuation (NA) is a process that relies on the natural assimilative capacity of the site to reduce or stabilize contaminates to desirable levels. Described in detail are the sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and MTBE, chlorinated solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, and radioactive wastes. Natural attenuation is increasingly becoming a popular, cost effective remedial alternative for many contaminated sites. Environmental engineers and scientists will find this book full of information on basic principles to summaries of natural attenuation applications. Topics include: major pollutants; extensive review of literature; examples of applications of natural attenuation; site characterization and monitoring requirements and procedures; and basic scientific principles on physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Many engineers, from the chemical and process industries, waste treatment system management and design to the clean-up of contaminated sites, are engaged in careers that address hazardous wastes. However, no single book is available that explains how to manage the risks of those wastes. At best it is dealt with in diverse sections of books on the general field of environmental engineering, and in various treatments of the subject of risk, statistics and hazard assessment.
This is a reference and text that blends together theoretical explanations, techniques and case study examples to complement practical knowledge. These include problems with solutions, case studies of current and landmark hazardous waste problems, a companion website, and reference sections that will make certain that this text stays on the practicing engineer's bookshelf.
- Addresses a subject of theoretical and regulatory importance
- The only book to take this approach
- Includes textbook case studies and examples as well as practical advice

This is the only book that covers containment, specifically for the process industries. This Guide covers the range of containment equipment from simple air-flow control devices to enclosures that restrict exposures to well below a microgram per cubic meter averaged over a working day. The selection of a particular containment system for a particular transfer operation can be difficult because of the wide choice available. This Guide provides a structured approach to the selection process.
Covers the legislation for containment guidelines in the US, UK, and Europe
Provides an exhaustive list of containment equipment, including chapters on maintenance and reliability
Shows the engineer how to develop a containment strategy for his/her plant

Hazardous Waste Compliance concentrates on government regulations as they relate to hazardous waste and other hazardous materials. The main focus of this book is on how to comply with these requirements as well as on other best management practices (BMP), which will ensure worker safety and business protection from the risk of the commercial penalties associated with regulations breaches.
The authors provide the reader with useful techniques to enhance worker protection and promote efficiency, productivity and cost effectiveness, along with achieving the necessary quality standards for the work being performed. The authors further outline and define methods to help reduce worker injury and illness, the scope and application of HAZWOPER, and ways to implement hazardous material related requirements through enhancements of existing programs.
In addition, detailed discussion helps to provide methods to help promote consistency in health and safety program development for handling hazardous materials, encourage a high standard for health and safety, and share lessons learned to help provide approaches that have been implemented on hazardous waste and other sites.

Provides a comprehensive overview of regulatory requirements in the industry
Real-life experiences are presented in the form of case histories
A training aid for both new and experienced site workers

The latest edition of this book brings together a wide range of occupational safety and health recommendations and practices directly applying to hazardous waste site cleanups. In addition to providing the most current information on maximum protection for cleanup personnel, this book is a practical, authoritative guide for those involved in cleanup operations.
The completely updated third edition cites the newest OSHA and NIOSH recommendations that have developed over the past decade and explores the new federal emphasis in hazardous waste site cleanups such as radiation safety, toxicology, unexploded ordnance, OSHA training, EPA training, and site health and safety plans.
Covers a wide array of occupational safety and health practices and recommendations applicable to hazardous waste clean-up
Provides the most up-to-date information on maximum protection for workers
Cites the newest OSHA and NIOSH recommendations and explores federal government emphases in the area

A compilation of material from EPA data bases. Lists 1,045 commercial hazardous waste management facilities along with information on the types of services they offer, types of wastes managed, and facility name, address, and contact person.

Since the publication of the first edition of Environmental Health Science , preventing and treating acute and chronic disease caused by exposure to chemical health hazards has become even more central to the practice of public health. This fully revised and updated edition introduces students and practitioners to the concepts and terminology from chemistry, ecology, toxicology, and engineering necessary for identifying the sources of environmental contaminants; quantifying environmental levels and human exposures; and preventing and remediating environmental health hazards. Liberal use of figures and tables allows readers to visualize complex scientific phenomena and to understand their effects on every aspect of the environment from cells to entire ecosystems. Authored by two of the foremost educators, investigators, and practitioners in this increasingly important discipline, the new edition of Environmental Health Science is an essential resource for students and practitioners in public health; civil, environmental, and chemical engineers; policy makers; science journalists; and anyone else committed to promoting human health and the health of our environment.

Communication and stakeholder involvement are essential components for a successful disposal programme. Experience around the world suggests that the scientific and technological bases for the safe disposal of radioactive waste are available — disposal solutions exist or can be developed based on established knowledge. However, concerns and opposition among the public and other stakeholders could slow or even prevent the implementation of needed disposal solutions. This publication provides practical guidance on communication and stakeholder involvement for countries embarking on, relaunching or revising a disposal programme. It draws upon past experiences and emphasizes that practical implementation requires adjusting to the evolving context as given by the national, social and political circumstances. The primary intended users of this publication include those working in the field of radioactive waste management in government, regulatory bodies and industry, an especially in organizations responsible to implement solutions for radioactive waste disposal.

This publication provides a global overview of the status of spent fuel and radioactive waste management programmes, inventories, current practices, technologies and trends. It presents information on national arrangements for the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste, and on current waste and spent fuel inventories and their future estimates. Achievements, challenges and trends in the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste are also addressed. This second edition has been developed with a basis of national profiles submitted by Member States, complemented with openly available Joint Convention National Reports. The data reported are fully dependent on the input from the States and by the assumptions made to transform these data into the waste classes defined in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSG?1, Classification of Radioactive Waste.

The importance of recycling the spent nuclear fuel through partitioning processes has been recognized worldwide for increasing and sustaining nuclear energy. Therefore, the development of advanced partitioning processes, based either on hydrometallurgical or on pyrometallurgical technologies, has received an increasing interest in recent years. Moving towards industrial demonstration, partitioning processes are applied for the separation of actinides, including minor actinides, not only to reduce the burden of high level waste to be disposed of, in terms of heat-load and radiotoxicity, but also to improve the efficiency of the resources' utilization. Furthermore, in the case of Molten Salt Reactors, whose fuel cycle is primary based on pyrochemical processes, there is a need for strengthening pyrometallurgical technologies. This publication reviews the status and trends in the development of pyrometallurgical processes and technologies for processing spent nuclear fuel and identifies gap areas requiring further development.

This publication is a revision by amendment of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-15 and provides recommendations and guidance on the storage of spent nuclear fuel. It covers all types of storage facility and all types of spent fuel from nuclear power plants and research reactors. It takes into consideration the longer storage periods beyond the original design lifetime of the storage facility that have become necessary owing to delays in the development of disposal facilities and the reduction in reprocessing activities. It also considers developments associated with nuclear fuel, such as higher enrichment, mixed oxide fuels and higher burnup. Guidance is provided on all stages in the lifetime of a spent fuel storage facility, from planning through siting and design to operation and decommissioning. The revision was undertaken by amending, adding and/or deleting specific paragraphs addressing recommendations and findings from studying the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan.

Reliable methods for estimating the cost of a radioactive waste disposal programme are crucial to ensure that the necessary funding for completing the disposal programme is available. Estimating the cost for disposal is however a challenging and complex task. Disposal programmes themselves are complex and long-term undertakings and conditions can be expected to change significantly over the time-span during which a disposal programme is developed and implemented. This publication provides Member States with guidance on how to develop cost estimates for a disposal programme and on how to establish funding mechanisms. It will help readers in becoming informed clients by familiarizing themselves with the approaches and complexities in cost estimates and funding mechanisms for disposal. The publication is applicable to all waste categories and both near surface and geological disposal. It contains relevant examples and case studies from national programmes. The cost figures are intended to give an indication of the possible cost of certain parts or aspects of the disposal programme rather than to compare different disposal programmes' costs.