Biocontrol is among the most promising methods for a safe, environmentally benign and sustainable crop protection. Microbial pesticides offer a great potential, and it is anticipated that they will become a substantial part of the use of all crop protection products. Their development and commercialization, however, has been difficult and with many failures. For the first time, a rational and structured roadmap has been designed for the development and commercialization of microbial pest control products, based on entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes, for the control of arthropod pests. The emphasis lies on strain screening, product development, up to successful commercialization, from a bio-industry's viewpoint. The building blocks of the entire process are identified. The selection criteria for a microbial pest control agent are defined as well as critical parameters for the development of the product. Implementation of the product into an integrated pest management programme is pivotal for a substantial market uptake. Three phases are distinguished for successful adoption in the market: an appropriate application strategy, an optimal implementation strategy, and an effective adoption strategy. Key success and failure factors are identified. Registration is a major hurdle for biopesticides. Salient registration issues are treated and useful information presented. The road to a successful microbial pest control product is designed. Diagrams illustrate the stepwise approach of the entire process. A future perspective on the biopesticide market is presented with limiting and promotional factors and trends. The significant drivers for success are food safety concern, new research and technology, changes in the regulatory climate, and the occurrence of new invasive pests. This systematic roadmap with a strong focus on economics and market introduction will assist academic researchers and industrial developers of bi

A brief look at a complex and intriguing topic, this book takes a look at bees from a variety of perspectives, from the physiology of individual bees of different species to analysis of their complex behaviors and social interactions. Written by an eminent entomologist and apiculturist.

This volume contains the Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens (TTP-4), held in Banff, Alberta, Canada, from 21 to 26 July 2002. TTP-4 continues an important tradition established in 1992 at the first Conference in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, and developed subsequently at the Kruger National Park, South Africa (1995) and the High Tatra Mountains, Slovakia (1999). The 31 papers published in this special issue are divided between six sessions, with a keynote address as an introduction. The first session, which deals with biosystematics, genomics and proteomics of ticks, contains the most recent world list of valid tick names. The papers deal with a broad range of tick-host-pathogen interactions, including remote sensing and mapping of ticks and tick-borne pathogens as well as practical aspects of tick control. It is recommended reading for anyone working on ticks and tick-borne pathogens, which are of increasing medical and veterinary importance worldwide.

In 1974 when I published my book, Biological Mechanism of Attachment, not many pages were required to report on the attachment devices of insect cuticles. As in most fields of research, our knowledge on this specific subject has simply exploded. Dr. Stanislav N. Gorb now describes the present day level of our knowledge, to which he has personally contributed so much, and a research team working on biological microtribology has gradually developed, also. With modern methods of measurement it is possible to enter the structure - function relationship much more deeply, even down to a molecular level, which was not possible two and a half decades ago. It is a well known fact that, in biology, the more sophisticated the measuring method, the greater the achievement of biological fundamental research, and its resulting evidence. Our knowledge remains at a certain level until new methods once more permit a forward leap. Biological knowledge develops in the form of a stepped curve rather than linear, as reflected in the studies carried out on the attachment devices of insect cuticles.

As editor of this volume I am not going to emphasize the economic im portance of the Bruchids of pulses, nor how necessary it is to know the conditions of infestation of crops in order to achieve an efficient protection; both points are testified by F.A.O.'s sponsorship, as well as of the International Organization for Biological Control. On the other hand I would like to stress the scientific interest of the study of 'domestic' bruchids. It raises questions which require that present basic entomological knowledge be extended. I am not going to review all questions raised but I will emphasize those I am most aware of. Some bruchid species have been able to colonize habitats differing totally; some differing in their latitude, and thus their basic periodicities; others differing in their degree of complexity (stocks of seeds): What are the respective roles played by polymorphism and plasticity in that exceptional capacity? What differences are there between the populations living on wild plants in dispersal areas and those living in stocks? What are the alterations brought about by the drastic selection pressures in populations having later colonized habitats ecologically similar to the original habitats? What factors determine the degree of specificity of trophic relationships, and the possibilities of extension of the niche? What influences are exerted by the other elements of the original bio cenoses upon the behavioural evolution of these species? Such are a few fundamental problems that can be tackled directly through"

This text provides readers with an in-depth exploration of how biological control functions and how it can be safely employed to solve pest problems and enhance nature conservation. It covers the principles behind biological control techniques and their implementation, and incorporates practical examples from the biological control of a variety of pests. It contains detailed chapters on conserving natural enemies through environmental management, importation of new natural enemies for control of pests, augmentation of natural enemies through rearing and release, and the development and application of pathogens and biopesticides.

Provides new insights into the persistent species "problem." Focuses on conceptual history and identifies pivotal landmarks in the history of the concept of species Argues for a scientific consistency of species pluralism. Discusses the "evolving species-hood" in the context of new essentialism.

My initial interest in the Solifugae (camel-spiders) stems from an incident that occurred in the summer of 1986. I was studying the behavioral ecology of spider wasps of the genus Pepsis and their interactions with their large theraphosid (tarantula) spider hosts, in the Chihuahuan Desert near Big Bend National Park, Texas. I was monitoring a particular tarantula burrow one night when I noticed the resident female crawl up into the burrow entrance. Hoping to take some photographs of prey capture, I placed a cricket near the entrance and waited for the spider to pounce. Suddenly, out of the comer of my eye appeared a large, rapidly moving yellowish form which siezed the cricket and quickly ran off with it until it disappeared beneath a nearby mesquite bush. So suddenly and quickly had the sequence of events occurred, that I found myself momentarily startled. With the aid of a headlamp I soon located the intruder, a solifuge, who was already busy at work macerating the insect with its large chelicerae (jaws). When I attempted to nudge it with the edge of my forceps, it quickly moved to another location beneath the bush. When I repeated this maneuver, the solifuge dropped the cricket and lunged at the forceps, gripping them tightly in its jaws, refusing to release them until they were forcefully pulled away.

The dipteran family Chironomidae is the most widely distributed and frequently the most abundant group of insects in freshwater, with rep resentatives in both terrestrial and marine environments. A very wide range of gradients of temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, salinity, current velocity, depth, productivity, altitude and latitude have been exploited, by at least some chironomid species, and in grossly polluted environments chironomids may be the only insects present. The ability to exist in such a wide range of conditions has been achieved largely by behavioural and physiological adaptations with relatively slight morphological changes. It has been estimated that the number of species world-wide may be as high as 15000. This high species diversity has been attributed to the antiquity of the family, relatively low vagility leading to isolation, and evolutionary plasticity. In many aquatic ecosystems the number of chironomid species present may account for at least 50% of the total macroinvertebrate species recorded. This species richness, wide distribution and tolerance to adverse conditions has meant that the group is frequently recorded in ecological studies but taxonomic difficulties have in the past prevented non-specialist identification beyond family or subfamily level. Recent works, including genetic studies, have meant that the family is receiving much more attention globally."

Harmonia axyridis has been described as the "most invasive ladybird on Earth". It has a long history of use as a classical biological control agent in the USA and more recently in Europe. This beetle has been effective at controlling pest insects in a variety of crop systems but it poses unacceptable risks by impacting on non-target species as both an intraguild predator and competitor. Written by renowned scientists, this book is a synthesis of recent research on H. axyridis and provides informative insights into current perspectives and future directions. Biological control is an essential component of sustainable agriculture but the distinction between a successful biological control agent and an invasive species can be narrow. We hope that lessons can be learnt from H. axyridis.

Insect Learning is a comprehensive review of a new field. Until recently, insects were viewed as rigidly programmed automatons; now, however, it is recognized that they can learn and that their behavior is plastic. This fundamental change in viewpoint is causing a re-examination of all aspects of the relationship between insects and their environment. This change in perspective is occurring at a time of heightened interest in brain function in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Insects potentially play a major role in this expanding area. Because of their experimental tractability and genetic diversity, they provide unique opportunities for testing hypotheses on the ecology and evolution of learning. As organisms of economic importance, they are perennial objects of research by both basic and applied scientists. Insect Learning covers both social and non-social insects from multiple perspectives. The book covers mechanisms; syntheses of work on physiology, behavior, and ecology; and micro- and macroevolution. The concluding section discusses future directions for research, including applications to pest management.

The small fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has for over a century now had a large impact on biological and biomedical research; however, our knowledge of the fly brain has lagged significantly behind our understanding of other aspects of its development, physiology, and function. In The Making and Un-Making of Neuronal Circuits in Drosophila, innovative expert neuroscientists in the field present the ideas and concepts behind the methods, tools, and tricks that are currently being utilized to decode the secrets of this valuable insect's brain. Focused on the concept of a neuronal circuit, defined as a series of synaptically connected neurons subservient to a particular behavioral modality, this volume contains chapters dealing with anatomical analysis with a focus on cellular and sub-cellular morphologies. These detailed approaches fall under the headings of "Physiology" and "Behavior", conveniently divided the book into two sections. Written in the easy-to-follow Neuromethods series format, this work provides the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results. Inventive and accessible, The Making and Un-Making of Neuronal Circuits in Drosophila provides the information and tools necessary to carry out current experiments and, more importantly, further advance the progress of the Drosophila neurobiology field and neurobiology in general.

The field of insect nutritional ecology has been defined by how insects deal with nutritional and non-nutritional compounds, and how these compounds influence their biology in evolutionary time. In contrast, Insect Bioecology and Nutrition for Integrated Pest Management presents these entomological concepts within the framework of integrated pest management (IPM). It specifically addresses bioecology and insect nutrition in modern agriculture. Written for graduate students and professionals in entomology, this book covers neotropical information in three sections:

• General Aspects: Basic bioecology and insect nutrition; artificial diets; insect/plant interactions; insect symbionts; the interface of chemical ecology with the food; and insect cannibalism
• Specific Aspects: Specific feeding guilds of insects including ants, social bees, leaf chewers, seed suckers, seed chewers, root feeders, gall makers, detritivorous feeders, pests of storage grains, fruit flies, aphids, endo- and ectoparasitoids, predators, crisopids, and hematophagous insects
• Applied Aspects: Host plant resistance and the design of IPM programs in the context of insect bioecology and nutrition

Much of the research on which these chapters were written was done in Brazil and based on its neotropical fauna. The complexity and diversity of the neotropics provides enough data that readers from all zoogeographical regions can readily translate the information in this book to their specific conditions. The book s value as an entry point for further research is enhanced by the inclusion of approximately 4,000 references.

This book provides updated information on this intriguing and exciting group of insects: Neotropical Social Wasps. These insects have a particular biology and their colonies are formed by a few cooperative females living in either small or massive, structured nests where stinging individuals organize their activities and defend their offspring. Topics include evolutionary aspects, biogeography, post-embryonic development, community behavior and ecology, economic importance, and research methods.

TheInternationalConferencesonEphemeroptera(Mayflies)andSymposiaonPlecoptera (Stoneflies)areheldeverythreeyears,indifferentpartsoftheworld. Theseeventsallow specialistsfromdifferentcountriestointeractandpresenttheresultsoftheirlatest investigations. TheIXInternationalConferenceonEphemeropteraandXillInternationalSymposiumon Plecoptera,wereheldAugust16-21,1998,andAugust20-23,1998,respectively,inTaffdel Valle,Tucuman,Argentina,withajointsymposiumonAugust20,1998. Theseeventswerehos- tedbythe"InstitutoSuperiordeEntomologfa"FacultaddeCienciasNaturales,fromtheNational UniversityofTucuman,andattendedbyapproximately80specialistsfrom25countries. Atpresent,whenthebiodiversitycrisisandthepressuresonfresh-waterenvironmentsand theirinhabitantsareworsethaneverbefore,theinformation,discussionsandguidelinescoming outofeventsofthiskindarebecomingmoreandmoreimportant. The54papersincludedinthisvolumeareamongthosepresentedduringthemeetings, andacceptedafterpeerreviewbyinternationalspecialists. Thepapersaregroupedinfivelooselydefinedsections(exceptthefirstthatcorresponds toapaneldiscussion),althoughseveralofthepaperscouldexceedthesubjectboundaries wheretheyarelocated. Iwouldliketothankthemanyindividualsandinstitutionsthathelpedwithboththis bookandtheorganizationoftheevents,namely: Themembersoftheorganizingcommittee:H. R. Fernandez,M. G. Cuezzo, F. Romero, C. Molineriand C. Nieto. AlsocollaboratingwereM. Ceraolo,1. Chocobar,M. Guzmande Tome,S. Moro,M. Orce,V. Manzoandmanyvolunteersandstudentstoonumeroustodetail here. Withouttheiruntiringefforts,theeventssimplywouldnothavebeenpossible. Thefollowingpersonsactedasmanuscriptreviewers:J. Alba-Tercedor,J. V. Arnekleiv, R. Baumann,J. E. Brittain, 1. C. Campbell,J. M. Elouard,J. F. Flannagan,R. W. Flowers, C. Froehlich,E. Gaino,M. T. Gillies,P. Goloboff,P. M. Grant,M. D. Hubbard, Y. Isobe,J. Jackson,N. N. Kapoor,P. Landolt, W. P. McCafferty, 1. McLellan,R. Nelson, W. L. Peters,G. Pritchard,M. Sartori,!. Sivec,1. Stanford, K. W. Stewart,D. Studemann,B. Stark,P. Suter,B. Sweeney,S. Szczytko,andP. Zwick. Theseinstitutionsprovidedtheirinstitutionaland/oreconomicsupport:Facultadde CienciasNaturaleseInstitutoMiguelLillo,UniversidadNacionaldeTucuman;ConsejoNa- cionaldeInvestigacionesCientificasyTecnicas(CONICET);ConsejodeInvestigaciones, UniversidadNacionaldeTucuman(CIUNT);Fundaci6nAntorchas,Fundaci6nMiguelLillo; Direcci6ndeTurismo,MunicipalidaddeTaffdelValle. vii viii Preface ThePermanentCommitteeonEphemeropteraConferencesprovidedpartialfinancial supportforfellowshipsforstudentsfromtheCzechRepublic,ChinaandSlovenia;andthe NorthAmericanBenthologicalSocietyforstudentsfromBoliviaandVenezuela. Thecompletionofthisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheinvaluableeffort ofGustavoSanchez,whomadethedigitalworkoftheoriginalsandthecoverdesign, C. Molineriand C. Nietowhopatientlyreviewedthefinalcopies,andvaluableadvicefrom MaryAnnMcCarraandRobertWheeler. ThecoverillustrationsweredonebyS. RoigJu- nen!(Ephemeroptera)and A. Dupuy(Plecoptera). EduardoDominguez ConvenorandEditor August,2000 CONTENTS STATUS OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF EPHEMEROPTERA IN THE WORLD IntroductiontothePanelDiscussion . 1. Alba-Tercedor StatusoftheKnowledgeofEphemeropterainNortheastAsiaandGuidelinesfor FutureResearch...3 y. 1. Bae TheCurrentStatusofEphemeropteraBiologyinAustralia...7 I. C. Campbell KnowledgeoftheAfrican-MalagasyMayflies ...13 J. M. Elouard TheGentleQuest: 200YearsinSearchofNorthAmericanMayflies...21 W. P. McCafferty TheStatusoftheTaxonomyoftheMayfly(Ephemeroptera)FaunaofSouthAmerica. . 37 M. L. Pescador,M. D. Hubbard,andM. delC. Zuniga TheEphemeropteraofNewZealandandNewCaledonia...43 W. L. Peters CurrentKnowledgeofMayflyResearchinEurope(Ephemeroptera)...47 M. Sartori StatusoftheSystematicKnowledgeandPrioritiesinEphemeropteraStudies: theOrientalRegion '...53 T. Soldan ECOLOGYANDBEHA~OUR LifeCycleandAnnualProductionof Caenissp(Ephemeroptera,Caenidae) inLakeEscondido(Bariloche,Argentina)...67 D. A. AnonSuarezandR. 1. Albarino ix x Contents EffectsofRotenoneTreatmentonMayflyDriftandStandingStocks inTwoNorwegianRivers...77 1. V. Arnekleiv,D. Dolmen,and L. Rj(jnning LongitudinalDistributionoftheMayfly(Ephemeroptera)Communities attheChocancharavaRiverBasin(Cordoba,Argentina)...89 M. delC. Corigliano,C. M. Gualdoni, A. M. Oberto,andG. B. Raffaini EmergenceofEphemeropterafromtheAssiniboineRiver,Canada...97 1. F. Flannagan,1. Alba-Tercedor,R. G. Lowen,andD. G. Cobb MayfliesasFood 107 P. M. Grant SeasonalVariationofEphemeropterainFourStreamsofGuatopoNational Park,Venezuela...:...125 V. Maldonado,B. Perez,andC. Cressa AbundanceandAltitudinalDistributionofEphemeropterainan Andean-PatagoneanRiverSystem(Argentina)...

Insects, and their close relatives, the arachnids, centipedes, millipedes and woodlice, make ideal material for study by the recreational microscopist. Moreover for the entomologist, the addition of the use of the microscope to their tool kit adds a whole new dimension to their study, revealing in finest detail the appearance and structure of these tiny creatures. This book reveals the basics of insect microscopy, explaining what equipment is needed and how to get the best out of it. Topics covered include insects and their relatives; trapping insects for study; dissection, slide mounting publishing your work.

The parasitic Hymenoptera are a highly successful and important group of insects comprising probably over a million species. Despite the vast amount of research that has been carried out on the group over the last 100 years or so, there are still many unexplained aspects of their biology. In recent years interest in the parasitic Hymenoptera has grown as a result of the increasing demand for biological methods for pest control and their possible use as natural enemies. Parasitic wasps are also tremendously important in research on pollution dynamics and on host-parasite interactions. In this unique volume Donald Quicke provides an up-to-date review of the biology of parasitic wasps which focuses primarily on genetics, developmental biology, physiology, anatomy and molecular biology, though many aspects of behaviour and ecology are also covered. Attention is drawn to the importance of both life history strategy an phylogeny to many features of parasitic wasp biology, and exciting new areas of research are highlighted. Parasitic Wasps provides an extensive guide to the relevant literature. The book will prove invaluable to researchers working on this group and to those with broader interests in entomology, physiology, behaviour, ecology and pest control.

During the past decade, the study of the chemical structures used by insects has advanced from a subject that could be reviewed in a single volume to a vastly more advanced level. This important new volume brings together a focused group of reviews that offer perspective on the most interesting advances in insect chemical ecology. Chemical Ecology of Insects 2 brings together an internationally respected group of experts covering such topics as chemoreception and integration, orientation mechanisms, plant-insect interactions and insect-insect interactions. An important benefit of these reviews lies in the identification of the boundaries of our current knowledge and the most profitable areas in which we should expect these areas to develop. This important work will appeal to entomologists and ecologists working directly with insects. In addition, plant scientists interested in the interaction of plants and insects will find much valuable information. The book is intended to benefit both field and laboratory researchers as well as advanced students.

Only four short decades ago, the control of insect pests by means of chemicals was in its early infancy. The pioneers in the area consisted largely of a group of dedicated applied entomologists working to the best of their abilities with a very limited arsenal of chemicals that included inorganics (arsenicals, fluorides, etc.), some botanicals (nicotine), and a few synthetic organics (dinitro-o-cresol, organothiocyanates). Much of the early research was devoted to solving practical problems associated with the formulation and application of the few existing materials, and although the discovery of new types of insecticidal chemicals was undoubtedly a pipe dream in the minds of some, little or no basic research effort was expended in this direction. The discovery of the insecticidal properties of DDT by Paul Miiller in 1939 has to be viewed as the event which marked the birth of modern insecticide chemistry and which has served as the cornerstone for its subse quent developement. DDT clearly demonstrated for the first time the dramatic potential of synthetic organic chemicals for insect control and provided the initial stimulus which has caused insecticide chemistry to become a field not only of immense agricultural and public health importance but also one that has had remarkable and unforseeable repercussions in broad areas of the physical, biological, and social sciences. Indeed, there can be few other synthetic chemicals which will be judged in history to have had such a broad and telling impact on mankind as has DDT."

Beekeeping is a sixteen-billion-dollar-a-year business. But the invaluable honey bee now faces severe threats from diseases, mites, pesticides, and overwork, not to mention the mysterious Colony Collapse Disorder, which causes seemingly healthy bees to abandon their hives en masse, never to return.
In The Quest for the Perfect Hive, entomologist Gene Kritsky offers a concise, beautifully illustrated history of beekeeping, tracing the evolution of hive design from ancient Egypt to the present. Not simply a descriptive account, the book suggests that beekeeping's long history may in fact contain clues to help beekeepers fight the decline in honey bee numbers. Kritsky guides us through the progression from early mud-based horizontal hives to the ascent of the simple straw skep (the inverted basket which has been in use for over 1,500 years), from hive design's Golden Age in Victorian England up through the present. He discusses what worked, what did not, and what we have forgotten about past hives that might help counter the menace to beekeeping today. Indeed, while we have sequenced the honey bee genome and advanced our knowledge of the insects themselves, we still keep our bees in hives that have changed little during the past century. If beekeeping is to survive, Kritsky argues, we must start inventing again. We must find the perfect hive for our times.
For thousands of years, the honey bee has been a vital part of human culture. The Quest for the Perfect Hive not only offers a colorful account of this long history, but also provides a guide for ensuring its continuation into the future.

This text provides an introductory account of the physiology of insects, intelligible to any reader with an elementary knowledge of biology. It should be of interest to undergraduate students of biology, entomology and agriculture.