The WTO's attempts at agricultural trade liberalization have raised concerns that the current movement towards globalization fails to adequately address environmental issues. Even in developed countries, where agriculture at the farm-level represents a small fraction of total GDP, trade-induced changes in agricultural production levels could have considerable environmental effects. This timely new book analyzes the possible linkages between agricultural trade liberalization and the environment, and assesses the negative and positive impacts of any possible reforms. The authors begin by providing an extensive empirical examination of the potential environmental consequences of agricultural trade liberalization at both a global and US level. However, not only might changes in trade policy affect the environment, but environmental policy can also influence trade. Consequently, the authors conduct a detailed study of the impact of US agri-environmental policies on trade flows. To conclude, they investigate conceptual and policy aspects of the important inter-relationship between agricultural trade and unintentional environmental by-products, transboundary concerns and multilateral environmental agreements. In the context of ongoing trade negotiations, this comprehensive book provides an objective overview of the potential economic consequences of the relationship between trade and the environment. It will be of special interest to agricultural, development and environmental economists as well as policymakers and policy analysts confronting the practical problems of environmental and economic assessment.

The Judicial Politics of Economic Integration analyses development strategies and regional integration in the Andean Community (the former Andean Pact), focusing on the establishment of the Andean Court of Justice and its case law, as well as the intellectual underpinnings that made such an impressive reform possible. The court is a transplant taken from the European integration process, and it materializes the visions, expectations, and dreams of the transnational development movement of "integration through law". The book discusses the outcomes of the Court in light of the debates about judicial reform in the process of development and regional integration. Although clearly confirming several earlier claims that "one size does not fit all", Osvaldo Saldias provides new insights into how legal transplants adapt and evolve, and how we can learn much more about legal reform from a project that presumably failed than from successful copies. The Andean Court of Justice is a remarkable example of an institution capable of adapting to political and economic challenges; therefore, in times of a severe European economic crisis we should not forget that we might improve our understanding of European integration by looking at developments in other regions. An interesting new study with an international focus, this book will be a fascinating read for students and scholars of Law and Latin American Studies.

This book provides a longitudinal study of developing country involvement in multilateral trade negotiations. The trade regime established at the end of the Second World War did not cater for, and in some cases excluded, the developmental interests of the newly independent countries. This book offers a detailed analysis of: The first attempts to revise the trade regime in the 1960s through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the formation of the Group of 77 to enhance their bargaining potential. The mixed coalition strategy, with the Cairns Group in the Uruguay Round of GATT. The new bargaining coalition, the Group of Twenty, that took on a much more confrontational and assertive bargaining position in the unsuccessful Doha round of the World Trade Organization. In part two, the author explores the possibility that economic globalization may finally deliver to developing countries what they had failed to achieve in five decades of multilateral negotiations - an opportunity to climb the industrialization ladder and achieve development. The book offers a proposal for revising the format of trade negotiations in a way that helps overcome stalemates and deadlocks. Trade, Development and Globalization will be of interest to students and scholars of international trade, trade and development, negotiation, global governance, political economy, international relations and economics.

This book examines the evolution and application of participatory trade politics in West Africa and discusses the theoretical implications for political economy and global governance approaches to trade policy-making. The author traces the involvement of a network of West African global justice Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO), local NGO and movement platforms, and trade unions in the negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Union. Building on this empirical analysis, she develops a theoretical framework of trade policy formation that is not limited to conceptualizing trade as a policy field aimed exclusively at regulating exporting and importing activities in the global economy. Instead, she analyzes how material and ideational spheres interact in the way in which communities set the rules that enable them to trade across long distances. Attempting to reconcile demands for inclusivity with current economic policy-making, the author reframes the way in which we theoretically pose questions of who makes trade policy decisions, through which mechanisms and why trade policy-making practices change, or resist change. Transformations in Trade Politics will be of interest to students and scholars of International Political Economy, Global Governance, Social Movement Studies, International Economic Relations, International Trade Relations, African Politics, The Politics of African/International Development, EU politics and EU-African Relations.

This book considers foreign investment flows in major Asian economies. It critically assesses the patterns and issues involved in the substantive law and policy environment which impact on investment flows, as well as the related dispute resolution law and practice. The book combines insights from international law and comparative study and is attentive to the socio-economic contexts and competing theories of the role of law in Asia. Contributions come from both academics with considerable practical expertise and legal practitioners with strong academic backgrounds. The chapters analyze the law and practice of investment treaties and FDI regimes in Asia looking specifically at developments in Japan, India, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Korea and Vietnam. The book explores the impact of the Asian Financial Crisis in the late 1990s and the Global Financial Crisis a decade later, examining actual trends and policy debates relating to FDI and capital flows in Asia before and after those upheavals. Foreign Investment and Dispute Resolution: Law and Practice in Asia is a valuable resource for practitioners, academics and students of International and Comparative Law, Business and Finance Law, Business, Finance and Asian Studies.

In this book Australian economist, Graham Dunkley, explains and critiques the crucial concept of free trade. A policy of free trade is central to today's world-dominating globalization project. The more euphoric globalists uncritically assume that it has universal and unequivocal benefits for all people and countries. And the perpetual negotiations of the World Trade Organization are wholly based on this presumption. Graham Dunkley shows, however, that leading economists have always been more sceptical about free trade doctrine than the dogmatic globalizers realize. There are more holes in free trade theory than its advocates grasp. And the benefits of free trade in practice are more limited and contingent than they acknowledge. He also argues that the World Bank's long-time push for export-led development is misguided. A more democratic world trading order is necessary and possible. And more interventionist, self-reliant trade policies are feasible, especially if a more holistic view of economic development goals is adopted.

This handbook is a detailed exploration of the theories, policies, and issues stemming from the field of International Trade. Written by specialists in the field, the chapters focus on four important areas: factor proportions theory, trade policy, investment, and new trade theory. The extensive analysis covers such topics as the Heckscher--Ohlin Trade Model and the Stolper--Samuelson Price Link, as well as wages, antidumping, and political economics.* Explores the theories, policies and issues stemming from the field of International Trade.* Focuses on factor proportions theory, trade policy, investment, and new trade theory.* Includes analyses of the Heckscher--Ohlin Trade Model and the Stolper--Samuelson Price link.

The Islamic perception of the socio-economic process is dynamic and its insistence on social justice is uncompromising. To produce the best social structure, according to this view, man's economic endeavours should be motivated by a meaningful moral philosophy. In the face of the challenges presented by the modern world, the practice of Islamic economics raises many complex and profound issues. These are addressed in this highly important work, which must be considered essential reading for all those who live in the vision of the 'right'. First published in 1994.

Since the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) was created in 1995, there has been international pressure towards the liberalization of education all over the world, as well as new challenges to the traditional internationalization rationale in the field of higher education. Nevertheless, education liberalization under the GATS is also a contested process. Public universities, teachers unions, development NGOs and other education stakeholders have opposed and campaigned against the GATS in different countries and at a range of levels from local to global. Based on intensive fieldwork in the WTO headquarters and on two case studies (Argentina and Chile), Antoni Verger opens the black-box of the GATS negotiations in the field of education. His well-documented work explores in-depth how domestic actors and interests are key to understanding the constitution of the global education liberalization process entailed by the GATS as well as the opposition to this process in certain places. This book is crucial reading to anyone with an interest in the future of higher education.

The international trade negotiations that were launched throughout Latin America in the 1990s created significant challenges for developing countries because of their complexity. In order to make informed decisions and successfully legitimize negotiating positions, governments and stakeholders required research, evidence and data from knowledgeable sources such as local technicians and academics. This book provides empirical-based analyses on the role of this research in the policymaking process. Each case study is based on primary fieldwork - either at the national or sectoral level - which was guided by the following overarching questions: Who are the main actors producing useful research for trade policymakers? Who are the main financial supporters of such work? What use do policymakers give to research? The volume offers a deep analysis of the nexus and interactions between the academic and public spheres, among researchers and decision-makers. Contributors also address the main obstacles for creating a virtuous circle between research and decision-making as they examine the links between the research centers, think tanks and international organizations who produced the information and the Latin American governments who used it.

This work explains how countries that depend on the export of primary commodities, like coffee or cotton, are caught in a trap: the more they produce the lower the price falls on the international market. If they try to add value to their commodities by processing them, they run into tariff barriers imposed by the rich industrialized nations. To make matters worse, they have to compete with subsidized exports dumped on the world market by rich surplus-product countries. This edition contains an additional chapter which reports on the outcome of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the creation of the new World Trade Organization. It examines the impact of rapid economic liberalization on the livelihoods and natural environments of poor communities and recommends ways in which trade could be regulated to protect their rights. The book explains the complexities of the world trade system and examines what poor countries can do about the trap in which they find themselves.

International legal scholarship is concerned with the fragmentation of international law into specialised legal systems such as trade, environment and human rights. Fragmentation raises questions about the inter-systemic interaction between the various specialised systems of international law. This study conceptually focuses on the interaction between World Trade Organisation (WTO) law and external international law. It introduces a legal theory of WTO law, constrained openness, as a way to understand that interaction. The idea is that WTO law, from its own internal point of view, constructs its own law. The effect is that external international law is not incorporated into WTO law wholesale, but is (re)constructed as WTO law. It follows that legal systems do not directly communicate with each other. Therefore, to influence WTO law, an indirect strategic approach is required, which recognises the functional nature of the differentiated systems of the fragmented international legal system.

Following its foundation in 1957, the European Economic Community set about establishing itself as a major player on the world stage. One of the first key arenas in which the new organisation began to make its presence felt was the GATT negotiations that took place between 1963 and 1967, known as the Kennedy Round. Through a reconstruction of these on-going negotiations, this book charts the emergence of the EEC as a world trading power and the strategies it adopted that were to have a lasting effect upon European trade policies. As well as proving an important background to the Kennedy Round, the study explains how the EEC/European Union became a powerful actor in international trade, championing a liberal attitude toward the industrial sector but a protectionist one in agriculture. It also addresses the impact of the EEC/EU as regional trading area on the multilateral and global trading system and the EEC/EU trade policy-making. Through an historical analysis of these topics, a much fuller understanding of the actual role and stance of the EEC/EU in world trade is provided, one that not only illuminates events at the time, but provides essential background to the challenges still faced by the international trading system and the World Trade Organization. Based on a wealth of documentary research drawn from European and US archives, this book will be welcomed by all wishing to better understand the complex nature of international trade in an increasingly globalised market place.

This book discusses the law of safeguard measures as laid down in the WTO agreements and cases decided by the Panel and the Appellate Body. It sets out a comprehensive treatment of safeguard measures covering the history and evolution of the law, as well as the procedural requirements and the application of safeguard measures. In addition to measures under Article XIX and the Safeguards Agreement, the book includes coverage of safeguard measures for agricultural products, Special Safeguard Measures for developing countries, safeguard measures for textiles and proposed safeguard measures under General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) as well as special safeguard clauses against China. Recognition and Regulation of Safeguard Measures Under GATT/WTO considers safeguards from a developing country's perspective drawing on Joseph E. Stiglitz's argument that developing countries require these trade remedy measures to protect their domestic industries and ensure their development. Sheela Rai considers this view and goes on to examine how beneficial the provisions relating to safeguard measures and their interpretation given by the Panel and Appellate Body have been for developing countries.

This comprehensive and accessible book examines the evolution of the multilateral trade regime in the ever-changing global economic environment, particularly during the WTO era and the ongoing Doha Round. Professor Das explores how the creation of the multilateral trade regime, or the GATT/WTO system, has been fraught with difficulties. He describes the ways, by means of various rounds of negotiations, the multilateral trade regime has constantly adjusted itself to the new realities of the global economy. One glance at the recent history indicates that the evolution of the multilateral trade regime was far from even-handed and steady. The GATT/WTO system was repeatedly pushed to the brink of utter and ignominious disaster. Yet, as the author illustrates, the participating economies persevered. Consequently, the fabric of multilateral trade regime is stronger, its foundation deeper and its framework wider now than it was a generation ago. Unlike the GATT era, membership of the present trade regime is close to universal. The author concludes that of the two phases, the latter has turned out to be the more arduous, intricate and complex phase of evolution. Students and scholars of economics, international trade, international political economy and international relations will find this study of great interest. The definitions and explanations of terminology and advanced concepts make the book accessible to those without an extensive economic background.

This book provides a reasoned, comprehensive understanding of what religion is as well as a clear and critical assessment of whether, in the light of modern developments in philosophy, contemporary thinking people can responsibly maintain religious belief in God. The book is divided into three major sections: the first deals with what all religions may be said to have in common; the second discusses theistic religion and the issue of intellectually responsible belief in God; the third examines current developments within a particular theistic religion, Christianity. Originally published in 1968, the book is basic, both in the nature of the issues it discusses and in the clarity and comprehensiveness of its presentation; it is varied in the arguments and perspectives dealt with; it provides an introduction to philosophical thinking through the problems of philosophy of religion; and it deals seriously with controversial movements in theology.

Originally published in 1992, this study examines and analyses the role, planning and operation of international road hauliers based in the former East European countries. It outlines the problems they faced and the opportunities the new model of Europe should have provided at the time. It also emphasizes the role that West European hauliers could play in the market and the activities that the European Community carried out in this field in the light of 1992. It concludes by stressing the actions needed in the near future by governments and operators alike. Today it can be read in its historical context.

This book collects together the basic documents of an approach to the theory and policy of the balance of payments developed in the 1970s. The approach marked a return to the historical traditions of international monetary theory after some thirty years of departure from them - a departure occasioned by the international collapse of the 1930s, the Keynesian Revolution and a long period of war and post-war reconstruction in which the international monetary system was fragmented by exchange controls, currency inconvertibility and controls over international trade and capital movements.

First published in 1967, this superb collection of essays on trade in the Middle Ages has been a major contribution to modern medieval studies. Professor Carus-Wilson examines: * fifteenth-century Bristol * trade with Iceland * the Merchant Adventurers of London * the thirteenth-century cloth industry (with its highly developed capitalist system) * the export of English woollen cloth * the wine trade. Each paper is firmly rooted in original research and contemporary sources such as customs returns and company minutes, and, in addition, her expose of the dubious accuracy of Aulnage accounts is widely recognised as a classic.

This book will help readers better understand the ethical and cultural assumptions that both American and Chinese business cultures bring to business relationships in China. It analyzes the relationships developed between the two cultures, areas where they conflict, and how these conflicts are (or are not) resolved. These relationships are investigated in three stages. The author: describes and interprets American business experience in China describes and interprets Chinese business experience in China, including interaction with Americans compares these two business cultures as they are experienced in China to investigate the relationships between them, centering the cultural analysis on ethical issues. Feldman's thorough research gets to the crux of how American and Chinese executives perceive the ethical and cultural aspects of doing business. The result is a book that will prove helpful to all those looking to expertly navigate Chinese-American business relationships.

Published in association with the Strategic Management Society, The Wiley Strategic Management Series aims to illustrate the best in global strategic management for academics, business practitioners and consultants. This book expands the understanding of strategic opportunities presented by the far reaching developments unfolding in the rapidly changing world economy, and in particular how they are impacting the North and South American continents. This wide--ranging collection of papers comprises a rich body of research and experience, spanning academics, business executives and consultants. Key emphasis is placed on competition and core competence, joint ventures and strategic alliances, and corporate performance. Writings included in this volume were selected as being representative of some of the most significant issues currently facing business strategists.

For courses in international economics. An introduction to international economics through accessible writing and real-life applications A principles- level introduction that's accessible to students of all majors, International Economics uses real-life applications to cover both the macro and micro components of international economics. The text illuminates economic institutions and policies, as well as recent developments in the global economy, without requiring the use of higher- level math. In addition, the 8th Edition includes a number of enhancements, such as updated tables and graphs, new case studies, and revised discussion of relevant topics to keep students up-to-speed on the economic world around them.

China's rapid economic growth has led to a huge increase in its domestic energy needs. This book provides a critical overview of how China's growing need for oil imports is shaping its international economic and diplomatic strategy and how this affects global political relations and behaviour. Part One is focused on the domestic drivers of energy policy: it provides a systematic account of recent trends in China's energy sector and assesses the context and processes of energy policy making, and concludes by showing how and why China's oil industry has spread across the world in the last fifteen years. Part Two analyses the political and foreign policy implications of this energy-driven expansion and the challenges this potentially poses for China's integration into the international system. It examines a number of factors linked to this integration in the energy field, including the unpredictabilities of internal policymaking; China's determination to promote its own critical national interests, and the general ambition of the Chinese leadership to integrate with the international system on its own terms and at its own speed. The highly topical book draws together the various dimensions of China's international energy strategy, and provides insights into the impact of this on China's growing international presence in various parts of the world.

Renowned trade theorist Koji Shimomura passed away in February 2007 at the age of 54. He published nearly 100 articles in international academic journals. The loss of this extremely productive economist has been an enormous shock to the economic profession. This volume has emerged from the great desire on the part of the profession to honor his contributions to economic research.

Contributors include authoritative figures in trade theory such as Murray Kemp, Ronald Jones, Henry Wan, and Wilfred Ethier, world-renowned macroeconomists such as Stephen Turnovski and Costas Azariadis, and leading Japanese economists such as Kazuo Nishimura, Makoto Yano, Ryuzo Sato, and Koichi Hamada. This broad range of contributors reflects Koji Shimomura 's many connections as well as the respect he earned in the economic profession. This volume offers the reader a rare opportunity to learn the views of so many renowned economists from different schools of thought.

This collection explores the analytical, empirical and normative components that distinguish socio-legal approaches to international economic law both from each other, and from other approaches. It pays particular attention to the substantive focus (what) of socio-legal approaches, noting that they go beyond the text to consider context and, often, subtext. In the process of identifying the 'what' and the 'how' (analytical and empirical tools) of their own socio-legal approaches, contributors to this collection reveal why they or anyone else ought to bother--the many reasons 'why' it is important, for theory and for practice, to take a social legal approach to international economic law.