This unique collection presents a Post-Keynesian perspective on international economics and trade. All the major areas in international economics are covered, with the Post-Keynesian approach giving a welcome fresh perspective. The book is divided into five main sections:
* foreign trade
* open economy
* international payments systems
* exchange rate determination
* development.
Unavailable elsewhere, the readings present original, state-of-the-art research by leading Post-Keynesian scholars.
Contributors include: Philip Arestis, Robert Blecker, Paul Davidson, Sheila Dow, Bruce Elmslie, Ilene Grabel John McCombie Eleni Paliginis, A.P. Thirlwall L. Randall Wray Johan Deprez, John T. Harvey,

This major new book is the most up-to-date general survey of economic and political integration in the European Union. Recent key developments deriving from the Maastricht Treaty and the Single European Act are highlighted including the completion of the Single Market, the prospects for EMU, the Community budget, and the reform of the CAP. The main ingredients of EMU are discussed and the Maastricht monetary plan is critically explained. This is followed by an analysis of the Community budget to 1999 and the related reform of the CAP. Professor Swann also surveys the two other treaty pillars - Co-operation on Justice and Home Affairs and the development of Common Foreign and Security Policy. European Economic Integration concludes by reviewing the factors which have stimulated the process towards an even closer union and identifying the challenges which still face the Union as it moves towards the second millennium.

Published in 1997, this book traces the development of European Food Aid Policy from its inception in the 1960s through to the 1990s. This covers the change from a surplus disposal programme in the early days to the present policy. The European Food Aid Policy is one of the few areas of development policy that is European rather than national in character. John Cathie therefore also examines the links forged with non-governmental organizations at an international level, for food aid and humanitarian operations.

The Political Economy of Middle East Peace looks at the political economy of the Middle Eastern peace process with a focus on the politics of trade. Contributors investigate the ways new commercial alliances develop as a result of economic agencies established via the Arab-Israeli peace process and look at institutions which contribute to redirection of Arab intra- and inter-regional trade, such as the Palestine Monetary Authority, the Middle East Development Bank and free trade zone agencies in Aquaba and Dubai.

An outstanding work, written to celebrate the seventieth birthday of Jagdish Bhagwati; the foremost defender of free trade and its role in developing economies in the world today, this rigorously academic and critical volume represents an important contribution to the understanding of many aspects of globalization. The editors, affiliated with four of the leading economics departments in the USA bring together a stellar line of contributors from across the world to discuss the themes and arguments raised by Bhagwati's latest work. A renowned professor of economics and regarded as one of the foremost international trade economist of modern times, Jagdish Bhagwati has written or edited over forty books including In Defence of Globalization and Free Trade Today as well as being the founding editor of Economics and Politics and The Journal of International Economics. A tribute to the great intellectual accomplishments and the inspiration that Jagdish Bhagwati provided to the field during his prolific and influential career, this book is a must read for all students and academics studying or working in international trade and development economics.

Originally published in 1971 and written in English and French, with summaries in both languages, the essays in this volume dsicuss the effects of internal economic and political conditions and of external relations on the development of trade and markets in West Africa from the period of the slave trade to the growth in the 20th century in production for overseas markets and rapidly expanding urban centres. Other essays discuss various aspects of local and regional trade and markets from the nineteenth century onwards.

Despite the long history of international economic activity and the dominant role of Dutch MNEs in the world economy there has been relatively little academic research in the area. This book explores issues such as:
* What historical precedents underlie the character of Dutch MNE activity
* How and why the technological specialisation of the Dutch economy and its firms has evolved to its current state
* The changing FDI activity of Dutch MNEs
* The strategic aspects of Dutch MNE activity in terms of location and R&D
* The implications for Dutch MNEs of globalisation and economic integration
Comprehensive in its coverage, this book will be of great interest to students and researchers in international business.

This study examines issues of trade policy in the light of the experience of developing Asian economies. Case studies highlight rapidly unfolding issues in trade and development, with reference to Sri Lanka, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. The issues explored include trade liberalization and industrial adjustment, employment and equity outcomes of export-oriented industrialization, the impact of structural adjustment reforms on savings and investment, the role of foreign direct investment in export expansion, problems involved in the use of inter-industry linkages as policy criteria under export-oriented industrialization and the role of world market conditions in determining export success. Prema-chandra Athukorala offers an overview of the evolution of post-war thinking on trade and development, followed by ten self-contained case studies, each of which focuses upon a specific policy issue. The author draws upon current theory and methodology and demonstrates the policy implications of his findings. Two key concerns which guide the empirical analysis throughout are the interconnection between theory and practice and the choice of analytical

The mood of the international grain market changed remarkably in the decade before this book was originally published in 1986. In the early 1970s, which were years of buoyancy and high prices, the concern was with feeding the starving millions and subsequently, in the United states, with the use of the grain embargo weapon to put pressure on the Soviet Union. In the mid-1980s, after a long period in which the recession kept prices down, the climate was much gloomier. The book considers the state of the major supplier countries and their particular problems. It charts the changes in the market and discusses major issues of international concern. It concludes by surveying prospects for the market.

This is the first comprehensive and updated study of the Arab economic boycott of Israel to be published since it started to disintegrate in the aftermath of the Madrid Conference of 1991. Gil Feiler explains the evolution and development of the boycott, which was first formally imposed by the Arab League in 1946, even before the State of Israel formally came into existence, and examines all aspects - including the theory, practice and legality - of the longest-lasting example of economic sanctions in the twentieth century, as seen from the American, Arab, European and Israeli perspectives. He also looks into the prospects of the slowly developing reality of economic relations and cooperation between Israel and its neighbours which has accompanied the Middle East peacemaking process.
As well as its broad horizons, one particular value of this study is that it is based in part on Arab archival material and recent documents, as well as on interviews with a wide range of personalities who were involved with the various aspects of the boycott over the years. As an academic who specializes in Middle East economics, as well as the director of a firm that deals both with Middle East market research and actual economic contacts in the region, Dr Feiler is well equipped to present and analyze the phenomenon of the boycott and its significance. All students of the Middle East conflict, economic sanctions and contemporary history will find this book invaluable.

First published in 1999. The key to successful regional development is more a personality issue than a global one, contends social economist Dr. James Cecora. With a fresh new interdisciplinary approach, Cecora tackles traditional economic theory to show that a distinct type of individual, the 'innovative entrepreneur', can do more to secure economic stability in a particular region than any multinational corporation. Arguing that global economics have spiraled out of control, Cecora builds a case for supporting and promoting the development of entrepreneurs at the local and regional level. These individuals will, he says, work at strengthening the regional economy over the long term because of their permanent attachment to a region, as well as in vested self-interest. Cecora compares the personalities of corporate managers to self-starting entrepreneurs, drawing the conclusion that the risk-taking ability of entrepreneurial types prompts more creative thinking and regionally appropriate action and solutions. This willingness to try new approaches is often a key to success.

Probably the core characteristic of a bill of lading is that the original bill of lading must be presented at the port of destination for a consignee to be entitled to delivery of the goods and for the carrier to get a good discharge of its delivery obligation by delivering the goods to said consignee. This notion is accepted virtually worldwide, but the more precise content of the "presentation rule" differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Furthermore, and of importance, the legal basis establishing the "presentation rule" differs. With the technological advances in maritime transport as well as in communications technology and the emergence of more complicated trading patterns, a system where a specific tangible piece of paper issued at the port of loading has to be presented at the port of discharge to obtain delivery of the goods seems almost archaic and can obviously create problems. Thus, in practice very often - especially in some trades such as the oil trade - the bill of lading is not available at the port of discharge when the ship is ready to deliver the cargo. The book will first analyse the "presentation rule", its finer contents and its legal basis. It will then go on with (legal) analyses of three developments and responses to the problems that the bill of lading system gives rise to in practice, viz. the commercial, the international legislature's, and the technological response. The commercial response analysed here consists of contractual exemption or limitation clauses in the bill of lading set up as a defence against claims for misdelivery. The international legislature's response denotes the adoption of the Rotterdam Rules which as the first international convention on carriage of goods by sea includes elaborate rules on delivery of the goods. Finally, the technological response denotes the possibility of using electronic (equivalents of) bills of lading. The analyses will include a comparative approach examining both English and Scandinavian law to elucidate the issues with greater clarity.

In Constraining Public Libraries: The World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services, the authors present a compelling argument for why the library community should be concerned about the effect of international trade agreements on the ability to deliver library and information services to the public. The book begins with a rigorous yet succinct description of the relevant provisions of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), proceeds to discuss how it is likely to impact particular public library services, and then discusses how the library community could best respond to these challenges. While there cannot be certainty when considering how GATS will ultimately impinge upon public libraries, this book pinpoints potential problem areas. It is a valuable tool in informing the dialogue within public libraries on the World Trade Organization, and providing the foundation for effective advocacy at the domestic and international levels to ensure that public libraries continue to play a central role in their communities for generations to come. Those in library and information science, as well as public administrators, educators, students, political and policy science professionals, government officials, and trade negotiators, will find this book to be an informative resource.

This volume is a detailed account of the evolution and theory of multinational trading companies. In the history of multinational business, trading companies have played an especially significant and strategic role which continues until the present day, when Japan's "sogo shosha" and giant commodity traders feature among the world's largest businesses. However, the origins and strategies of multinational trading companies are little known compared to those of manufacturing multinationals. The book features contributions from an international selection of US, European and Asian economists and business historians which demonstrate the importance of trading companies in trade and investment flows in the world economy from the 19th century to the late 1990s. The authors adopt evolutionary and comparative perspectives to examine diversification strategies and organizational structures. This study contributes to our knowledge of the history and theory of international business.

First published in 1907, this substantial volume emerged as guidance to those involved in international trade at the time of the British Empire, with a focus on seafaring commerce and its hazards. Its dedication to Herbert H. Asquith and support from the International Law Association suggest it was an authoritative text. The author aims to provide a full exposition of the rules of International Law which governed the commercial relations of the subjects of neutral and belligerent nations. Produced with lawyers, shipowners, shippers and public servants in mind, it covers issues including contraband, blockades, capture and rescue.

World Trade Organisation (WTO) trade remedies (antidumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard agreements) are instruments used by WTO members to counter the economic injury caused by dumping, subsidies and the sudden and unforeseen increased imports. They are exceptions to the WTO principle of free trade and to the prohibition for States to react unilaterally to protect their own rights and interests, and as a result they have been accused by some as being the new tools of protectionism. This book analyses of the role and principles of WTO trade remedies in international law. In particular, it focuses on their aims, their structure, and their position within the WTO and more in general, the international legal system. The book considers trade remedies in light of fragmentation theories of international law and addresses the question how, and to what extent WTO law reflects and influences public international law.

First published in 1999. Firms in manufacturing industries are influenced by the market-oriented liberalization reform policies in many developing countries since the late eighties. However, studies applying appropriate methodology to appropriate data seldom analyze the impact of reforms on the performance of production units such as manufacturing firms. The central point of this book is to address this issue by comparing firms' achievement with 'best practice' performance before and after reforms. This form of analysis is not new but it emphasizes a new focus or realignment of thinking within neoclassical economics to develop an analytical framework. This book examines the productivity growth of Bangladesh manufacturing firms as component measures of changes in capacity realization and technical progress. The significant feature of this approach is that it allows for the inefficiency of firms, and thus productivity growth is estimated rather than taking it as a residual as is usually measured in the traditional growth accounting approach. High rates of technological progress, on the one hand, can co-exist with low rates of capacity realization. On the other hand, relatively low rates of technological progress can co-exist with an improving capacity realization. As a result specific policy actions are required to address the difference in the sources of variation in productivity. In this respect this book would provide invaluable insights for policy makers, development practitioners, academics and students of economics.

First published in 1998. This book makes an original contribution to our understanding of policy failures at the European and international level. On the basis of a comparative analysis the study shows how the co-ordination mechanisms available in the European Community and OECD have complicated the regulation of national policies on state aid to exporting industries. This failure can be explained in theoretical terms: international and supranational organisations are not neutral arbiters, but have interests of their own, interests which are not necessarily aligned with those of their member states. In detailed case studies of Britain, France and Germany the book examines how the preference structure of governments in the exercise of their promotion programmes contrasts with the policies enacted by international bureaucracies. Walzenbach's interdisciplinary approach specifies the conditions under which policy co-ordination can have detrimental effects and thus, usefully corrects the benign view held by most regime theorists about transaction-cost reducing and efficiency enhancing role of such arrangement.

This innovative multidisciplinary collection brings together the latest research on human rights issues in the Asian region, by leading scholars with a deep familiarity with the languages and cultures of the region. The contributors bring a range of disciplinary approaches, or 'ways of knowing' to the study of human rights: history, memory studies, gender and sexuality studies, cultural studies and translation studies. Issues canvassed in the book include linguistic rights, debates on prenatal testing, transnational campaigns for redress of past wrongs, campaigns for sexual rights, and modes of human rights advocacy in East and Southeast Asia. This book will be of interest to general and specialist readers in the fields of Asian Studies, cultural studies, gender and sexuality studies, legal studies and history. This book was published as a special issue of Asian Studies Review.

This volume approaches the history of Japanese-German relations from a business history perspective. Starting with an overview of Japanese-German relations which focuses on the environment, strategies and forms of inter-firm relations, Akira Kudo then uses case studies to provide a broader picture, before finally considering strategy, organizational strategy and technology and management transfer in the light of problems identified earlier. All the case studies are chosen to meet specific criteria which allow the author to move from individual details towards a broader picture and thus provide a history of Japanese-German business relations during the Inter-war years.

An international team of contributors argues in this book that a policy of cheap labour, combined with currency devaluation, is no longer sufficient for export success. Through a series of case studies of firms in the textile, garment and electronic industries of five Asian economies - Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam - they set out to demonstrate that, to sustain competitiveness, learning and capability formation are essential. Among the main findings of these case studies are that growing international competition and rising labour costs have reduced the time that new entrants into a market have for enjoying wage and cost advantages; that there are no fixed formulas or sequences in technology-capability formation for firms to become successful exporters of manufactured goods; that continuous innovation in product design, production processes, management routines, marketing, and the organization of production are the basis for competitiveness in all industries and in all countries; that learning and internalization of knowledge are crucial to acquiring the technological know-how to break into export markets and then maintain market share; and that domestic demand is

Timely and accessible, this is the only available comprehensive review of the goals, operation, and history of the U.S. antidumping laws coupled with a strategy for using those laws to promote U.S. trade policy and economic objectives in the post-Uruguay Round World.

Mastel, a former congressional adviser to U.S. trade negotiators, brings a unique expertise to the subject, having been involved in the creation and the analysis of the laws. He brings fact to bear on the sometimes heated debate over the merits of antidumping laws and the impact of the Uruguay Round upon U.S. antidumping laws.

Thoroughly documented, the book features charts and international case studies (including the steel, electronics, ball beatings, cement, and agricultural products industries) the at resent the historical and economic record of U.S. antidumping laws. In addition, the complete text of the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 is conveniently reproduced in the appendix.

This volume reviews the goals, operation, and history of American antidumping laws coupled with a strategy for using those laws to promote U.S. trade policy and economic objectives in the post-Uruguay Round GATT talks.

Convergenomics is about the megatrends that are shaping how people behave and organizations work. In this insightful analysis, Sang Lee and David Olson describe how globalization, digitization, changing demographics, changing industry mix, deregulation and privatization, commoditization of processes, new value chains, emerging new economies, deteriorating environment, and cultural conflicts have led to what they define as a convergence revolution. Lee and Olson discuss this convergence revolution from the perspectives of technology, industry, knowledge, open-source networking and bio-artificial convergence, and they explain how human systems are transformed by what they have named convergenomics. Understanding convergenomics can lead to innovative strategic approaches and, the authors contend, more agile businesses are already employing these approaches to become and remain competitive and to generate greater value in a world radically changed by e-commerce. Business leaders and 'students' of strategy at all levels will learn from this book how revolutionary developments can be embraced rather than feared, and how technology that is potentially frightening in its complexity can be harnessed and used to enable productive collaboration and gain competitive advantage.

The Handbook on International Trade Policy is an insightful and comprehensive reference tool focusing on trade policy issues in the era of globalization. Each specially commissioned chapter deals with important international trade issues, discusses the current literature on the subject, and explores major controversies. The Handbook also directs the interested reader to further sources of information. The expert contributors cover both traditional and more current concerns including: * history of thought on trade policy * the development of multilateral organizations such as the World Trade Organization * border restrictions and subsidies * regional trade agreements * trade and the environment * animal, plant and food safety measures * international protection of intellectual property and sanctions. Presenting a broad and state-of-the-art perspective on the topic, this highly accessible Handbook will prove an invaluable resource to researchers, academics, policymakers and practitioners concerned with international trade policy.