The Handbook on International Trade Policy is an insightful and comprehensive reference tool focusing on trade policy issues in the era of globalization. Each specially commissioned chapter deals with important international trade issues, discusses the current literature on the subject, and explores major controversies. The Handbook also directs the interested reader to further sources of information. The expert contributors cover both traditional and more current concerns including: * history of thought on trade policy * the development of multilateral organizations such as the World Trade Organization * border restrictions and subsidies * regional trade agreements * trade and the environment * animal, plant and food safety measures * international protection of intellectual property and sanctions. Presenting a broad and state-of-the-art perspective on the topic, this highly accessible Handbook will prove an invaluable resource to researchers, academics, policymakers and practitioners concerned with international trade policy.

This volume is a detailed account of the evolution and theory of multinational trading companies. In the history of multinational business, trading companies have played an especially significant and strategic role which continues until the present day, when Japan's "sogo shosha" and giant commodity traders feature among the world's largest businesses. However, the origins and strategies of multinational trading companies are little known compared to those of manufacturing multinationals. The book features contributions from an international selection of US, European and Asian economists and business historians which demonstrate the importance of trading companies in trade and investment flows in the world economy from the 19th century to the late 1990s. The authors adopt evolutionary and comparative perspectives to examine diversification strategies and organizational structures. This study contributes to our knowledge of the history and theory of international business.

International agricultural trade regulation remains problematic despite the creation of the WTO and a specific Agreement on Agriculture in 1995. Fiona Smith challenges this orthodoxy and presents a new conceptual method by which the problem of international agricultural trade in the WTO can be understood. Attempts to revise the rules in the Doha Development Round of multilateral trade talks have repeatedly stalled as negotiators grapple with what is perceived to be the problem of international agricultural trade. Issues such as how best to address the contemporary challenges to market liberalisation whilst preserving the environment, difficulties of biofuels, development, human rights and the demands of the changing nature of global governance are all examined in this timely book. Challenging convention and introducing new concepts, Agriculture and the WTO will strongly appeal to academics working in the fields of international agricultural trade, international relations, international economic law, agriculture law and policy. It will also be warmly welcomed by policymakers and graduate students with a special interest in international agricultural trade.

This volume approaches the history of Japanese-German relations from a business history perspective. Starting with an overview of Japanese-German relations which focuses on the environment, strategies and forms of inter-firm relations, Akira Kudo then uses case studies to provide a broader picture, before finally considering strategy, organizational strategy and technology and management transfer in the light of problems identified earlier. All the case studies are chosen to meet specific criteria which allow the author to move from individual details towards a broader picture and thus provide a history of Japanese-German business relations during the Inter-war years.

Timely and accessible, this is the only available comprehensive review of the goals, operation, and history of the U.S. antidumping laws coupled with a strategy for using those laws to promote U.S. trade policy and economic objectives in the post-Uruguay Round World.

Mastel, a former congressional adviser to U.S. trade negotiators, brings a unique expertise to the subject, having been involved in the creation and the analysis of the laws. He brings fact to bear on the sometimes heated debate over the merits of antidumping laws and the impact of the Uruguay Round upon U.S. antidumping laws.

Thoroughly documented, the book features charts and international case studies (including the steel, electronics, ball beatings, cement, and agricultural products industries) the at resent the historical and economic record of U.S. antidumping laws. In addition, the complete text of the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 is conveniently reproduced in the appendix.

This volume reviews the goals, operation, and history of American antidumping laws coupled with a strategy for using those laws to promote U.S. trade policy and economic objectives in the post-Uruguay Round GATT talks.

An international team of contributors argues in this book that a policy of cheap labour, combined with currency devaluation, is no longer sufficient for export success. Through a series of case studies of firms in the textile, garment and electronic industries of five Asian economies - Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam - they set out to demonstrate that, to sustain competitiveness, learning and capability formation are essential. Among the main findings of these case studies are that growing international competition and rising labour costs have reduced the time that new entrants into a market have for enjoying wage and cost advantages; that there are no fixed formulas or sequences in technology-capability formation for firms to become successful exporters of manufactured goods; that continuous innovation in product design, production processes, management routines, marketing, and the organization of production are the basis for competitiveness in all industries and in all countries; that learning and internalization of knowledge are crucial to acquiring the technological know-how to break into export markets and then maintain market share; and that domestic demand is

Free trade has always been a moral and political, as well as economic, programme. Although free traders call for the liberalization of the economy from governmental interference, it is understood that international exchange can only operate within a framework of the law. Defenders of free trade believe not only will it promote economic prosperity, but that it enhances worldwide peace and understanding by substituting commercial competition for the pursuit of national goals by military means. Protection, on the other hand, has been defended as safeguarding those vulnerable to the fluctuations of world markets. This collection of essays by international lawyers and moral philosophers arises from a multi-disciplinary conference to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. It examines legal, moral and political dimensions of free trade. Contributors explore issues such as: the ethics and rules of competition; the idea of global justice; the problem of international exploitation; the protection of the environment; the regulation of services; and international taxation and the justifications for the barriers to trade. The book seeks to provide an insight i

Is there an inherent conflict between competition and trade policies, or are the two policy areas complementing each other? The relationship between competition and trade policies, and the development of an effective competition policy for an integrated world economy, is an issue policy makers face in the mid-to-late-1990s. This book examines current debates around competition and trade policy interactions, and discusses the need for new policy initiatives in an international context. The papers in this collection are presented in five parts which discuss in turn: general principles and issues; network industries and telecommunications; European Economic Area policies, notably the initiative taken by the Commissioner for Competition, Karel van Miert, for developing an EU competition policy for the new trade order; and recent development policy aspects. The final part of this book contains background papers for panel discussions on vertical restraints and business perspectives, respectively, in an international trade and competition policy context.

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Routledge Studies in the Modern World Economy

This book provides a detailed analysis of the legal framework in which the energy trade between the European Union and the Russian Federation has been conducted. Using case studies of eight member states, it critically examines the EU's ability and the duty of its Member States to conduct their external energy trade in accordance with the principle of solidarity. Providing a comprehensive analysis of the principle of solidarity as provided in the acquis communautaire of the EU, the book critically analyses the legal framework pertaining to EU-Russia energy trade to ascertain whether, and to what extent, it satisfies the requirements of the rule of law.

This book furnishes a quick and clear exposition of the statutory and regulatory responsibilities of those participating in the sale, processing, and transportation of cargo shipped from the United States. It analyzes in detail the duties imposed by the Shipping Act of 1984 on those engaged in U.S. oceanborne trade.Vessel operators can learn about their agreement filing obligations, the scope of their tariffs, what practices are prohibited, the statutory protection in place against abuses by foreign countries, and the numerous governing regulations with which they must comply. Shippers will be informed about their legal obligations for freight charges, carrier services due them, how to obtain a refund or form a shipper's association, and their responsibilities under a shippers' credit agreement. For marine terminal operators, the book spells out the extent of the Federal Maritime Commission's jurisdiction, tariff filing requirements, authorized charges, and their areas of liability. Non-vessel-operating common carriers by water can ascertain which provisions of the 1984 Act govern their conduct, and how they can comply with the bonding requirement and co-loading rules.

The development of international trade theory has created a wide array of different theories, concepts and results. Nevertheless, trade theory has been split between partial and conflicting representations of international e- nomic interactions. Diverse trade models have co-existed but not in a structured relationship with each other. Economic students are introduced to international economic interactions with severally incompatible theories in the same course. In order to overcome incoherence among multiple theories, we need a general theoretical framework in a unified manner to draw together all of the disparate branches of trade theory into a single - ganized system of knowledge. This book provides a powerful - but easy to operate - engine of analysis that sheds light not only on trade theory per se, but on many other dim- sions that interact with trade, including inequality, saving propensities, education, research policy, and knowledge. Building and analyzing various tractable and flexible models within a compact whole, the book helps the reader to visualize economic life as an endless succession of physical ca- tal accumulation, human capital accumulation, innovation wrought by competition, monopoly and government intervention. The book starts with the traditional static trade theories. Then, it develops dynamic models with capital and knowledge under perfect competition and/or monopolistic competition. The uniqueness of the book is about modeling trade dyn- ics.

The worldwide expansion of the tourism industry creates many encounters between global agents and local forces, yet the host-guest interaction is rarely considered from the point of view of the experience of work. This study documents and discusses such a global-local encounter, based on fieldwork carried out in hotels in Barbados and Malta. Insight is drawn froma a review of such issues as recruitment, promotion, redundancy, discipline, security, communication, expertise, total quality management iniatives, trade unionism and industrial action.

Environmental groups for the first time formalized their role in shaping U.S. and international trade policy during their involvement in NAFTA negotiations. John J. Audley identifies the political forces responsible for forging this new intersection of trade and environment policy during NAFTA negotiations, analyzes the achievements of the environmentalists, and explores their prospects for influencing future trade policy.

The need to reconcile the conflicting paradigms of economic expansion through free trade and that of limited sustainable development played a significant part in the political debate. Reluctant to acknowledge any relationship between these two principles, traditional trade policy actors were forced to include environmental interest groups in negotiations when the latter seriously threatened the treaty by aligning themselves with other anti-NAFTA interest groups, particularly labor. Other environmental groups worked with trade advocates to secure compromises in the agreement. The final bill included unprecedented environmental provisions, but not without serious infighting within the environmentalist community.

Drawing on his access to private as well as public documents exchanged among participants, Audley explores the interactions among the political actors. He explains how political compromises between environmental groups and trade policy elites came about, focusing in particular on the roles played by eleven national environmental organizations. In identifying their accomplishments, he concludes that although the environmentalists won some procedural changes, they failed to modify the norm of unfettered growth as the guiding principle of U.S. trade policy.

The first book to probe the role that environmental politics play in trade policy, this volume offers new insights into the political effectiveness of environmental organizations.

This major new book is the most up-to-date general survey of economic and political integration in the European Union. Recent key developments deriving from the Maastricht Treaty and the Single European Act are highlighted including the completion of the Single Market, the prospects for EMU, the Community budget, and the reform of the CAP. The main ingredients of EMU are discussed and the Maastricht monetary plan is critically explained. This is followed by an analysis of the Community budget to 1999 and the related reform of the CAP. Professor Swann also surveys the two other treaty pillars - Co-operation on Justice and Home Affairs and the development of Common Foreign and Security Policy. European Economic Integration concludes by reviewing the factors which have stimulated the process towards an even closer union and identifying the challenges which still face the Union as it moves towards the second millennium.

The 18th century was the crucial period in the development of the Sino-Western relationship. This was the period when tea became the main commodity traded between Asia and Europe and which saw the rise of the great chartered companies and the advent of the opium trade as the means for the British to wrest a profit out of their Indian conquests. This was also the period that saw the last great expansion and contraction of the Chinese junk trade. For 160 years (1684-1843), China tried to contain the growing Western presence and avoid the complication of a state-to-state relationship spanning a wide cultural divide by delegating authority to the principal Chinese merchants trading at Canton with the Europeans. The Co-Hong or Hong merchants, as they came to be called, became increasingly involved in managing these foreigners, the trade, and the collection of revenue. Eventually, the attempt failed and the merchants' quasi-diplomatic status was ended following the first Opium War when Britain forced the opening of China to British trade, the cession of Hong Kong and the abolition of the Co-Hong. This study eschews the uncritical acceptance of secondary sources that has characterized stu

The essays in Transitions, Environments, Translations explore the varied meanings of feminism in different political, cultural, and historical contexts. They respond to the claim that feminism is Western in origin and universalist in theory, and to the assumption that feminist goals are self-evident and the same in all contexts.
Rather than assume that there is a blueprint by which to measure the strength or success of feminism in different parts of the world, these essays consider feminism to be a site of local, national and international conflict. They ask: What is at stake in various political efforts by women in different parts of the world? What meanings have women given to their efforts? What has been their relationship to feminism--as a concept and as an international movement? What happens when feminist ideas are translated from one language, one political context, to another?

The essays in Transitions, Environments, Translations explore the varied meanings of feminism in different political, cultural, and historical contexts. They respond to the claim that feminism is Western in origin and universalist in theory, and to the assumption that feminist goals are self-evident and the same in all contexts.
Rather than assume that there is a blueprint by which to measure the strength or success of feminism in different parts of the world, these essays consider feminism to be a site of local, national and international conflict. They ask: What is at stake in various political efforts by women in different parts of the world? What meanings have women given to their efforts? What has been their relationship to feminism--as a concept and as an international movement? What happens when feminist ideas are translated from one language, one political context, to another?

Japan's dependence on raw materials from South Africa made it impossible for Tokyo in the 1970s and 1980s to support other African States in their fight against the minority government and its policy of apartheid. Kweku Ampiah's detailed analysis of Japan's political, economic and diplomatic relations with sub-Saharan Africa from 1974 to the early 1990s makes it clear that Japan was lukewarm in the struggle against apartheid. Case studies of Tanzania and Nigeria dissect Japan's trade, aid, and investment policies in sub-Saharan Africa more widely. Ampiah concludes that Japan successfully employed economic diplomacy in its relations with Africa and was able to reconcile its interests in resources in South Africa with its diplomatic interests in other sub-Saharan states.

This book analyzes the competitive forces which dominate this major sector, and traces how the nature of competition has evolved during the last two hundred years. Through an analysis of key factors, including demand, related and supporting industries, firm strategy, structure and national rivalry, chance and government policy, the author explains how and why the locus of competitive advantage in textiles and apparel has moved from country to country, particularly in the period since 1945.

This title was first published in 2003. India's tax revenues depend on manufacturing while agriculture and services generate employment. WTO's Uruguay and Doha rounds imply large tariff cuts. This affects the competitiveness of the Indian manufacturing sector and has implications for government deficits. Excessive dependence on indirect taxes and subsidies to regulate markets introduces distortions and is incompatible with free market principles. The book analyses welfare implications of fiscal and trade policies for India. To put the results in perspective, developments in trade theory, public finance and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling are covered. Theoretical results are juxtaposed with empirical findings from these models. Methodology to construct CGE models is also covered. The trade model covers tariff cuts under various assumptions besides incorporating "new trade theory". As tax reforms and tariff cuts are independent, past tax reforms like MODVAT (MODified VAT) and proposed reforms like VAT, elimination/reduction of subsidies are covered using a separate tax model.

This study presents new information about the four Quaker businessmen who helped found the London Abolition Committee in 1787 and remained active in the late anti-slave trade movement throughout their lifetimes. Drawing on previously unused primary sources, the study traces the close personal, business, social and religious ties binding the men together and shaping their abolition activities and arguments. By closely examining the lives of Joseph Woods, James Philips, George Harrison and Samuel Hoare, the study presents a new view of the factors shaping the arguments and strategies of abolitionism in Britain.

This study presents new information about the four Quaker businessmen who helped found the London Abolition Committee in 1787 and remained active in the late anti-slave trade movement throughout their lifetimes. Drawing on previously unused primary sources, the study traces the close personal, business, social and religious ties binding the men together and shaping their abolition activities and arguments. By closely examining the lives of Joseph Woods, James Philips, George Harrison and Samuel Hoare, the study presents a new view of the factors shaping the arguments and strategies of abolitionism in Britain.

In an era of globalization, trade in goods and cross-border services and capital flows play a key role in determining the economic growth path of countries. Over the last two decades, countries have embarked on several alternate tracks to liberalize and deepen their linkage with the world economy. The growing trade-investment nexus and the emerging developments lead to deeper international production networks, rise in cross-border trade in services and in regional trade agreements and so on. The debate of whether it is possible to empirically validate the potential benefits of this deepening trade-investment linkage is ongoing. The evidence in literature is, however, ambiguous. This book contributes to the literature by looking at Asian economies and at the EU, Maghreb countries and Pacific Island economics. It examines the issues under four broad areas, namely: (1) trade: theoretical and policy issues, (2) factor flows: impact on trade and welfare, (3) impact of trade and factor flows on environment and (4) institutions, international trade and policy issues.