This book presents an overview of the exciting new developments in underwater research in North America, ranging from new approaches for discovering submerged sites to an assessment of how these findings challenge the understanding of the North American past. Archaeological sites preserved on the world’s continental shelves are relevant to a wide range of major research questions and their importance increases with the heightened awareness of climate change and rising modern sea levels. Once thought lost forever, these sites survive underwater, preserved from the ravages of modern farming and development. To investigate the submerged landscapes, archaeologists use many of the same technologies developed for discovery of shipwrecks but, couple them with anthropological and environmental models to identify and study the way of life of people residing in these ancient lands. In this book, leading figures associated with submerged site exploration share an emphasis on the conduct and results of underwater research. It will be a fascinating read for advanced students of Archaeology, History and Environmental Studies. This volume was originally published as a special issue of The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology.

This text covers the proceedings of the third International Symposium - TISAR 98, held in Amsterdam. Topics include: basin recharge; water management in arid regions; behaviour of pollutants; bank, basin, well and other types of recharge; and storage and recovery efficiency.

Presenting a comprehensive introduction to the nature of pollution, this text looks at its impacts on the environment, and the practical options and regulatory frameworks for pollution control. Sources of pollution, regulatory controls - including the role of authorities and precautionary and polluter pays principles - technological solutions, management and mitigation techniques and assessment tools, are examined in each key area: air, freshwater and marine pollution, contaminated land and radioactive substances. Illustrated with a range of case examples from the UK, Europe and worldwide, this book offers an up-to-date guide to both the principles and practice of pollution management.

Since the late 1970s, the European Union (EU) has seen an immense growth in regulatory measures aimed at environmental protection. In more recent years, this regulatory activity has come under increasing criticism. This has coincided with a more general disenchantment with regulation, resulting in a wave of "deregulation" initiatives. These initially focused on privatization and market liberalization in various industries (economic deregulation), but subsequently have also been applied to environmental policy itself. This text looks at two separate, but related facets of deregulation in the EU. Through case studies of the energy transport and water sectors, it examines the environmental implication of economic deregulation. Dealing with options for deregulation in environmental policy, the book looks at self-regulation, negotiated agreements and environmental management systems. A number of other issues are also addressed such as the links between deregulation, environmental protection and competition.

Until now, information regarding chemical spill clean-up was available only through manufacturer's literature from an individual firm, or scattered in the traditional textbooks on remediation engineering and hazardous waste management. Survey of Chemical Spill Countermeasures provides a one-stop source of information on how to clean up spill sites in safe, acceptable ways. Because of the ever-growing need to maintain constant vigilance over hazardous chemicals and potential leaks and spills, this reference will become an important source for the practicing environmental engineer and field technician.
Survey of Chemical Spill Countermeasures provides operators with useful information on how to clean up sites, including controlling leakage, containment of spills on land and water, and ways to safely transfer and store the contaminants. Additionally, the book includes up-to-date information on containment and treatment technologies, from dredging and vacuuming, to solid and vapor treatment systems.

This work investigates the dichotomy between the notion of polluting cities and rural idyll. Examining the emergence of the farm pollution problem in Britain in the 1980s, the book traces the resulting change in public opinion leading to a new "moralizing" of the countryside. Drawing on research carried out amongst dairy farmers, National River Authority Pollution Inspectors, agricultural advisers and environmental campaigners, the author discusses whether it is unacceptable to pollute in a farming environment or merely an unfortunate side-effect of dairy production processes in the 1990s. The author examines issues such as effluents in the environment; farm pollution regulation in the 1970s and 1980s; pollution control; and risk and regulatory science.

Reframing Deforestation suggests that the scale of deforestation wrought by West African farmers during the twentieth century has been vastly exaggerated and global analyses have unfairly stigmatised them and obscured their more sustainable, even landscape-enriching practices.
The book begins by reviewing how West African deforestation is represented and the types of evidence which inform deforestation orthodoxy. On a country by country basis (covering Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote D'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo and Benin), and using historical and social anthropological evidence subsequent chapters evaluate this orthodox critically. Together the cases build up a variety of arguments which serve to reframe history and question how and why deforestation has been exaggerated throughout West Africa, setting the analysis in its institutional and social context.
Stessing that dominant policy approaches in forestry and conservation require major rethinking worldwide, Reframing Deforestation illustrates that more realistic assessments of forest cover change, and more respectful attention to local knowledge and practices, are necessary bases for effective and appropriate environmental policies.

The book is largely focused on biennales, which it argues are the contemporary exhibition models with the greatest capacity to offer new perspectives and propose alternative ways of connecting with our social and natural environments. The author demonstrates this by showing how curators of these high-profile exhibitions are responding in creative and engaging ways to the issues that preoccupy artists and society more broadly, of which the ecological crisis is paramount. Drawing on case studies from different parts of the world, the author reveals how biennales can make a constructive contribution to debates and attitudes around climate change, and how the role of the curator has evolved to embrace a duty of care not just to art but to the natural world. Curating in a Time of Ecological Crisis investigates how large-scale exhibitions of contemporary international art can become agents of change. As such, the book will be essential reading for scholars, students and practitioners with an interest in exhibitions, curating, contemporary art and environmental sustainability.

This book combines the results of current research with essential background material to provide complete, in-depth coverage of every aspect of in situ and ex situ bioremediation, as well as an extensive overview of the physical and chemical processes currently available for treating petroleum-contaminated soils. Critical information has been collected and assembled under one cover to provide a convenient reference for anyone who must contend with this worldwide problem.
Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soils: Biological, Physical, and Chemical Processes describes how to optimize the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil-water systems. It reports on the susceptibility of various petroleum components to biodegradation by microorganisms, and considers all groups of microorganisms for their potential contributions. The book also deals with problem areas such as the transport of organisms, oxygen, or nutrients throughout the subsurface, as well as biodegradation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). In addition, the book presents a variety of methods for monitoring bioremediation.
This reference discusses current soil remediation processes and includes many innovative approaches. It also investigates means of controlling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and leachate, and addresses methods for collecting and treating these secondary waste streams. The expansive coverage of this book will furnish readers with a wide range of options for developing treatment strategies and for customizing procedures for specific requirements.

In Resilience: The Science of Adaptation to Climate Change leading experts analyze and question ongoing adaptation interventions. Contributions span different disciplinary perspectives, from law to engineering, and cover different regions from Africa to the Pacific. Chapters assess the need for adaptation, highlighting climate change impacts such as sea level rise, increases in temperature, changing hydrological variability, and threats to food security. The book then discusses the state of global legislation and means of tracking progress. It reviews ways to build resilience in a range of contexts- from the Arctic, to small island states, to urban areas, across food and energy systems. Critical tools for adaptation planning are highlighted - from social capital and ethics, to decision support systems, to innovative finance and risk transfer mechanisms. Controversies related to geoengineering and migration are also discussed. This book is an indispensable resource for scientists, practitioners, and policy makers working in climate change adaptation, sustainable development, ecosystem management, and urban planning.

The coast can no longer be left to nature to determine its fate. Wealth, property, economic interests, recreation, tourism and wildlife are all threatened. Coasts are an administrative battle ground and one of the most important and widely examined topics in environmental management. This volume examines the issues surrounding the human use and abuse of estuarine and coastal environments. Emphasizing the importance and significance of this natural resource, the uses and conflicts which occur and the results of human activity, this book explains the ways in which conservation and management policies and practices can protect this productive and diverse ecosystem. Examples and real-life case studies illustrate the effect of human intervention, both from an historic and contemporary perspective. Exposing the environmental consequences of estuarine pollution, Peter French highlights the need for management strategies to promote a sustainable development ethic for estuaries.

The coast cannot be left to nature to determine its fate. Wealth, property, economic interests, recreation, tourism and wildlife are all threatened. Coasts are an administrative battle ground and one of the most important and widely examined topics in environmental management.
Coastal and Estuarine Management examines the issues surrounding the human use and abuse of estuarine and coastal environments. Emphasising the importance and significance of this natural resource, the uses and conflicts which occur and the results of human activity, this book explains the ways in which conservation and management policies and practices can protect this productive and diverse ecosystem.
Examples and real-life case studies illustrate the effect of human intervention, both from an historic and contemporary perspective. Exposing the environmental consequences of estuarine pollution, Peter French highlights the need for management strategies to promote a sustainable development ethic for estuaries.

Presents an introduction to the nature of pollution, its impacts on the environment, and the practical options and regulatory frameworks for pollution control. Sources of pollution, regulatory controls - including the role of authorities and precautionary and polluter pays principles - technological solutions, management and mitigation techniques and assessment tools, are examined in each key area: air, freshwater, and marine pollution, contaminated land and radioactive substances. Illustrated with a wide range of case examples from the UK, Europe and worldwide, this book offers an up-to-date guide to both the principles and practice of pollution management.

Introducing a novel approach to setting environmental pollution standards that allow for proper treatment of uncertainty and variation, this book surveys the forms of standards and proposes a new kind of "statistically verifiable ideal standard." Setting Environmental Standards includes: a current analysis regarding the treatment of uncertainty and variation in environmental standard setting a review of basic principles in standard setting, including costs, actions and effects, and benefits examples where uncertainty and variation have been well-treated in current practice as well as examples where clear deficiencies are apparent specific proposals for the future approach to setting environmental pollution standards - encompassing the anticipated elements of uncertainty and variability The issues discussed serve statisticians as well as those persons involved with environmental standards. Scientists in agencies responsible for setting standards, in organizations advising such agencies or working in industries subject to these standards, will find Setting Environmental Standards an invaluable reference.

This book theorizes the role of optimism in anthropological thinking, research, writing, and practice. It sets out to explore optimism's origins and implications, its conceptual and practical value, and its capacity to contribute to contemporary anthropological aims. In an era of extensive ecological disruption and social distress, this volume contemplates how an optimistic anthropology can energize the discipline while also contributing to bettering the lives, communities, and environments of those we study. It brings together scholars diverse in background, career stage, and theoretical approach in a collective attempt to comprehend the myriad intersections of anthropology and optimism. The challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic have recently underscored the larger, longer-term catastrophes of climate change, ecosystemic collapse, social injustice, and antipathy towards scientific knowledge and those who produce it. In this context, exceedingly few anthropologists feel comfortable observing and documenting passively while their research communities face unrelenting waves of (un)natural disasters. We need to act. But we also need to hope. Discontent with the state of the world and cultural anthropology's turn to increasingly positive, future-oriented, and engaged work have converged to unleash a courageously optimistic anthropology. This book is a timely springboard for this impactful and emergent approach.

The literature on multi-level governance (MLG), an approach that explicitly looks at the system of the many interacting authority structures at work in the global political economy, has grown significantly over the last decade. The authors in this volume examine how multilevel governance (MLG) systems address climate change and water policy.By taking a comparative perspective, the contributors seek to examine the impact of multilevel governance on the environment. They show how the interplay between autonomous governments at the sub-national, federal or supranational and international levels in MLG systems create unique challenges and opportunities. Both cutting greenhouse gas emissions and allocating river flows require tough political or legal decisions that create winners and losers. This book offers a cogent examination of the successes and failures of the United States, European Union, Canada and Australia in grappling with these policy problems. This book will appeal to academics and students of public policy, international affairs and environment studies. Those working in government institutions will find the research both interesting and invaluable. Contributors: D. Benson, D.J. Fiorino, D. Gordon, B.T. Heinmiller, A. Jordan, K. Kern, D. Macdonald, J. Meadowcroft, M. Pallemaerts, B.G. Rabe, I. Weibust

High quality fresh water is limited in quantity and there is a need for comprehensive water management involving representatives of all those who use water. Effective management must ensure that the best use is made of available supplies, including protection from pollution, and to limit conflicts over access to fresh water. This calls for the establishment of clearly defined policies and strategies as well as for the development of enforceable mechanisms and tools for water pollution control.

Natural Attenuation: CERCLA, RBCAs, and the Future of Environmental Remediation presents the concept of "natural attenuation"-the tendency of soils to severly limit the toxicity of many types of hazardous waste. It reviews and updates the most recent findings from the field and lab and shows how natural attenuation is rapidly changing the direction and focus of environmental remediation. Outlining the legal and regulatory framework that has made waste remediation so costly, this book shows how applying an understanding of natural attenuation can decrease cleanup outlays while lowering risks to human health. Natural Attenuation: CERCLA, RBCAs, and the Future of Environmental Remediation makes it clear why natural attenuation will be relied upon more and more in the future.

The second book by the bestselling author of Extraordinary Insects Trees clean air and water; hoverflies and bees pollinate our crops; the kingfisher inspired the construction of high-speed trains. In Tapestries of Life, bestselling author Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson explains how closely we are all connected with the natural world, highlighting our indelible link with nature's finely knit system and our everyday lives. In the heart of natural world is a life-support system like no other, a collective term that describes all the goods and services we receive - food, fresh water, medicine, pollination, pollution control, carbon sequestration, erosion prevention, recreation, spiritual health and so much more. In this utterly captivating book, Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson sets out to explore these wonderful, supportive elements - taking the reader on a journey through the surprising characteristics of the natural world.

Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate is like three books in one-it is a profile containing specific information about 137 pesticides, a primer of environmental toxicology, and an extensive trade name index. Profiles of each pesticide contain regulatory information, toxicity assessments, environmental fate data, physical properties, and acceptable exposure limit values. What these values and data mean in terms of human toxicity is clearly interpreted as well. The book also describes the meaning of carcinogenicity and how it is assessed in non-technical terms the non-expert can understand. Readers with a technical background are provided with the data to make their own judgments.
In addition to information about specific pesticides, there are sections on general classes of pesticides, such as organophosphates. This information allows readers to make inferences about any pesticide in a class, even if a profile is not provided. Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate goes beyond the usual listings of toxicity values or environmental half-lives to offer a broad understanding to readers of various backgrounds and interests.

Is aluminium bad for you? What is an Environment Management System? Is there an effective substitute for Chlorine Bleach? The A - Z of Corporate Environmental Management provides answers to these and many other questions, and is an invaluable guide to managing a company's environmental impact. This practical directory assesses hundreds of products in common use, from aerosols to zinc, via formaldehyde and phosphates. Using an easy-to-understand format it: explains each product's use, its benefits and its environmental risks; recommends safer alternative choices where available; explains issues such as animal testing, eco-labels and recycling; and examines the main impacts of major industries, from aerospace to zoos. Its compact, jargon-free definitions will enable you to produce safer products and communicate your needs more effectively to suppliers. Making extensive use of figures and cross-referencing, this book is ideal for managers who are introducing corporate environmental programmes and risk assessments, and for anyone who needs an objective view of environmental issues in business. With over 800 entries, the A-Z of Corporate Environmental Management provides a clear and authoritative summary of the subject. Its encyclopedic coverage includes: * Management strategies such as ISO 14001 * UK, EU and international legislation * General issues, eg timber * Toxic substances, eg organochlorines * Waste management, eg landfill * Disasters, eg contamination at the Union Carbide plant, Bhopal * Water pollutants, eg chlorine * Air pollutants, eg carbon monoxide The A-Z will help you to: * Reduce your organisation's impacts * Understand major issues * Decide which chemicals to use * Assess whether you are complying with legislation * Communicate with staff and customers * Implement an environmental management system With hundreds of best practice points, the A-Z shows how to reduce pollution, cut costs, improve staff motivation, increase sales and avoid litigation. Its checklists, charts and tables make it a highly practical tool for anyone needing to understand and implement environmental management.

This text provides an account of the nature and applications of the Coliform Index. Since the beginning of the 20th century, indicator organisms, in particular the coliform group, have been used to ensure the microbial quality of drinking water. World-wide legislation to protect consumers is based on these out-dated and unreliable tests and while there is considerable concern among scientists over their use, the water industry and regulators continue to place near total reliance on the Coliform Index. This has serious implications for public health and necessitates the debate which this book enters.

This integrated study of the emerging interdisciplinary field of environmental aesthetics takes the reader through a brief history of both aesthetics and taste, then discusses the psychology of human-environment relations, the influences of literary, artistic and legal activism on city, countryside and wilderness, and concludes with an analysis of the roles of public policy and of planning. Clearly written and illustrated, the book brings together the ideas, method and practices of a range of academic and professional disciplines. The book should be a useful introduction to those interested in how the experience of city (and country) life can and should be improved.

The popular first edition of this book contained approximately 600 ana lyte/method summaries. This new edition contains twice as many new EPA -approved methods for testing and analyzing industrial chemicals, pest icides, herbicides, dioxins, and PCBs and is a printed version of the EPA's Sampling and Analysis Methods Database. Each analyte/method sum mary contains all of the information required to stand alone as a refe rence. Thus, in addition to a brief summary of each method, descriptio ns include required instrumentation, interferences, sampling container s, preservation techniques, maximum holding times, detection levels, a ccuracy, precision, quality control requirements, EPA reference, and, when available, EPA contacts with phone numbers. Each summarized repor t is a "stand-alone" document.

This text demonstrates how businesses and institutions continue to operate outside the ecological carrying capacity of the environment, and highlights the need for participation and social innovation on their part. It asserts that senior executives and middle management in large corporations have often sought, deliberately or unconsciously, to block the advancement of environmentalism. Industry has reconstructed the more radical environmental agenda to suit its own purposes, in effect hijacking it, by taking it out of its traditional discourse and placing it in a liberal-productivist framework. The book concludes by examining the way forward for more sustainable business, presenting new models that place greater emphasis on issues such as equity and ethics.