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Books > Medicine > Other branches of medicine > Psychiatry
During the past several decades, interest in children's psychological disorders has grown steadily within the research community, resulting in a burgeoning knowledge base. The majority of the attention and funding, not surprisingly, has focused on the more prevalent and well-known conditions. Although this raises the odds that young people with more well-known disorders such as ADHD, autism, and learning disorders will receive much-needed professional assessment and intervention, children with less frequently encountered disorders may experience a higher risk of misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Useful data has been scattered throughout the literature for severe-but-less-frequent childhood psychological disorders, including: fire setting; gender identity disorder; impulse control disorders (i.e., kleptomania, trichotillomania, intermittent explosive disorder); selective mutism; Munchausen by proxy; childhood schizophrenia; gang involvement; sexual offending; self-injurious behavior; and feral children. This concise volume offers up-to-date information on these conditions, which, though relatively rare, may have profound effect not only on the children themselves but also their families, friends, and the community at large. Coverage of each disorder is presented in an accessible format covering: Overview and history.Description and diagnostic classification, with proposed changes to the DSM-V.Etiology and theory.Assessment tools and interview protocols.Commonly used psychological and pharmacological treatment options.Current research issues and directions for future investigation. "Assessing and Treating Low Incidence/High Severity Psychological Disorders of Childhood" is a must-have reference for researchers, clinicians, practitioners, and graduate students in clinical child and school psychology, pediatrics, psychiatry, social work, school counseling, education, and public policy.
Recent studies show that changes in Glutamate/GABA synapses and related pathways may determine whether the synaptic plasticity that occurs as a response to stress is adaptive or maladaptive. Findings have shed new light on the mechanisms that determine the effects of stress on cognitive and affective function. Researchers have brought a wide range of techniques to bear on the study of this problem, including cutting-edge live imaging techniques, electrophysiology, glutamate release from isolated live synaptic terminals, development of transgenic and animal models and new behavioral methods. This book provides an overview of these recent findings and of the techniques used as well as a discussion of how the molecular, cellular, and functional effects of stress may trigger or precipitate neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, anxiety and PTSD.
A child specialist describes his unconventional techniques, both professional and personal, to draw out a severly introverted, speechless nine-year-old boy who had not been reached by other therapists or even his family. The boy had built an elaborate fortress against a world that had declared him incapable of learning, of communicating, of feeling. As the specialist realized that the family was so distressed in relating with their son that they were unable to continue living with him, he sought alternative arrangements. Meanwhile, the most important work with this emotionally abandoned boy was to convince him of his basic worth and capacity, and to show him that his choices could make a difference for himself even in the face of inevitable frustration, denial, and rejection. Mr. Cipolloni has written the story of his work with Sean to illustrate how our society has a fundamental disregard for people, particularly children; he maintains that it is a society that dismisses those it cannot utilize and leaves us increasingly incapable of forming deep, focused interpersonal relationships.
An application of the philosophy of science to psychiatry Although it's been 140 years since Maudley's groundbreaking
treatise, modern psychiatry is in a state of intellectual collapse.
No psychiatrist practicing today can point to a universally agreed
model of mental disorder which explains the common observations of
mental disorder, dictates a research program and ordains a form of
management.
1 Grundlagen: Gedachtnis und Emotions/Kognitions-Kopplung.- 1.1 Gedachtnistheorien und-modelle.- Inhaltliche Gliederung.- Verarbeitungstiefe.- Unterscheidung zwischen Wiedererinnern und Wiedererkennen.- Neuronale und molekulare Ebene.- Anatomische Betrachtungen.- Zur Rolle des Temporallappens.- Zur Rolle des Stirnhirns.- Gedachtnisabruf innerhalb des deklarativen Gedachtnisses.- Nicht-deklaratives Gedachtnis.- Arbeitsgedachtnis.- 1.2 Neurobiologische Grundlagen der Emotionen und der Emotions/Kognitions-Kopplung.- Die Verhaltensebene.- Neurobiologische Befunde.- Die Rolle der Amygdala fur emotionale Prozesse.- Zum orbitofrontalen Cortex.- Interaktion dieser Systeme.- 1.3 Emotions/Kognitions-Kopplung bei Gedachtnisprozessen.- Stimmungskongruenz- und Zustands-Abhangigkeits-Effekt.- 2 Grundlagen: Affektive/depressive Stoerungen.- 2.1 Grundlagen depressiver Erkrankungen.- AEtiopathogenese affektiver Erkrankungen.- Befunde bildgebender Untersuchungen.- 2.2 Kognitive Stoerungen bei depressiven Erkrankungen.- 2.3 Stoerungen der Emotions/Kognitions-Kopplung unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Gedachtnisfunktionen depressiver Patienten.- 3 Grundlagen: Untersuchungsverfahren.- 3.1 UEbersicht uber funktionelle bildgebende Verfahren.- 3.2 Definition und methodische Aspekte ereigniskorrelierter Potentiale (EKP).- Methodische Aspekte.- Neuronale Substrate der EKP.- EKP in der kognitiven psycho-physiologischen Forschung.- 3.3 Wichtige Komponenten ereigniskorrelierter Hirnpotentiale.- Nd/Verarbeitugnsnegativitat.- Die N2-Komponente.- Die P300 oder P3-Komponente.- Die N400-Komponente.- 3.4 Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale bei Gedachtnisprozessen.- EKP bei Rekognitionsaufgaben.- 3.5 Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale bei der Prasentation emotionaler Stimuli.- 4 Eigene Untersuchungen: Emotions/Kognitions-Kopplung bei Gedachtnisexperimenten.- 4.1 Kontinuierliches Wiedererkennen von Woertern mit unterschiedlichem emotionalen Gehalt.- 4.1.1 Befunde bei gesunden Probanden.- Methodik.- Ergebnisse.- Diskussion.- 4.1.2 Emotions/Kognitions-Kopplung bei leichter Alkoholintoxikation bei gesunden Probanden.- Methodik.- Ergebnisse.- Diskussion.- 4.2 Befunde bei depressiven Patienten.- 4.2.1 Kontinuierliches Wiedererkennen von Woertern mit unterschiedlichem emotionalen Gehalt.- Methodik.- Ergebnisse.- Diskussion.- 4.2.2 Kontinuierliches Wiedererkennen von Woertern mit unterschiedlicher Imaginierbarkeit bei depressiven Patienten.- Methodik.- Ergebnisse.- Diskussion.- 4.2.3 Einfluss von Amantadin auf Bornavirus-Infektionen und Verlauf depressiver Syndrome.- 4.2.4 Einfluss von Amantadin auf den Verlauf von Gedachtnisfunktionen bei depressiven Patienten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Emotions/Kognitions-Kopplung.- Methodik.- Ergebnisse.- Diskussion.- 5 Zusammenfassende Bewertung und Ausblick.- Grundlegende UEberlegungen.- Untersuchungen zum Einfluss psychotroper Substanzen auf die Emotions/Kognitions-Kopplung.- Untersuchungen zur Emotions/Kognitions-Kopplung bei depressiven Syndromen.- Untersuchungen zum Einfluss psychotroper Substanzen aufdepressive Syndrome.- Ausblick.- Zusammenfassung.- 6 Literaturverzeichnis.
The prominence of dementia within the global aging population has undergone an increase in recent years. To improve the living conditions of patients, researchers must place more emphasis on early detection methods. Improving the Quality of Life for Dementia Patients through Progressive Detection, Treatment, and Care provides a thorough overview of emerging research on various neuroscience methods for the early diagnosis of dementia and focuses on the improvement of healthcare delivery to patients. Highlighting relevant issues on health information systems, behavioral indicators, and treatment methods, this book is a pivotal reference source for health professionals, neuroscientists, upper-level students, practitioners, and researchers interested in the latest developments within the field of dementia treatment.
Around the world societies are facing growing aging populations with the concomitant increase in neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuropsychiatric disorders are organic brain diseases with psychiatric symptoms, as in Alzheimer s and Parkinson s diseases, that cause cognitive impairment, including dementia, amnesic syndrome, and personality behavioral changes. As a clinical science, neuropsychiatry aims to explore the complex interrelationship between behavior and brain function from a variety of perspectives, including those of psychology, neurology, and psychiatry. This concise and updated monograph comprises the latest findings in the field and includes chapters on delusional symptoms, mood disorders and neurotic symptoms, cognitive impairment, behavioral and personality changes, and recently, cerebral alterations revealed in PTSD patients and in endogenous psychoses through neuroimaging and neuropathology. These findings will certainly widen the realm of neuropsychiatry going forward and will prove of great value to specialists as well as to academics and trainees in neurology, psychiatry, neuropsychology, neuroradiology, neuropathology, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, and clinical genetics. Ultimately, neuropsychiatry aims to prevent and reduce the suffering of individuals with the psychiatric symptoms of cerebral disorders."
The first edition of Planned Short-Term Treatment established itself as an essential guide for social work and other clinical practitioners by showing them how, by limiting the duration and scope of treatment, they can help their clients solve the problems that bring them to therapy. In this revised edition, the author maintains this focus on social work practice while integrating several new approaches. He includes a new chapter on marital and family intervention which clinically illustrates the practice applications of such theories as One-Person Family Therapy and the Relationship Enhancement approach to marital therapy. He also incorporates the new advances in the treatment of anxiety and depression through a discussion of both cognitive therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy, and includes new sections dealing with very brief psychotherapy (one to two sessions). Planned Short-Term Treatment, Second Edition, will be both an invaluable text for social work students and a comprehensive guide for the social work practitioner and other mental health professionals.
This book is written specifically for family or primary care physicians who encounter substance abuse in their daily practice. A Clinical Guide to Drug and Alcohol Problems provides a comprehensive overview to help diagnose and treat these problems. The first five chapters provide basic information on historical and cultural issues, plus the pharmacology of all abused drugs the physician is likely to come into contact with and the epidemiology and etiology of substance abuse problems. The author then addresses the clinical manifestions and course of addiction; diagnostic techniques; principles of clinical management, treatment, and rehabilitation of addictive and other associated medical disorders; and guidelines for public health approaches to the problem.
What produces mental illness: genes, environment, both,neither? The answer can be found in memes-replicable units of information linking genes and environment in the memory and in culture-whose effects on individual brain development can be benign or toxic. This book reconceptualizes mental disorders as products of stressful gene-meme interactions and introduces a biopsychosocial template for meme-based diagnosis and treatment. A range of therapeutic modalities, both broad-spectrum (meditation) and specific(cognitive-behavioral), for countering negative memes and their replication are considered, as are possibilities for memetic prevention strategies. In this book, the author outlines the roles of genes and memes in the evolution of the human brain; elucidates the creation, storage, and evolution of memes within individual brains; examines culture as a carrier and supplier of memes to the individual; provides examples of gene-meme interactions that can result in anxiety, depression, and other disorders; proposes a multiaxial gene-meme model for diagnosing mental illness; identifies areas of meme-based prevention for at-risk children; and defines specific syndromes in terms of memetic symptoms, genetic/ memetic development, and meme-based treatment.
De cibo quod superest nobis sufficit; oportet gratias agere. Some elders have accepted this proposition, although seldom with enthu- siasm. Gerontologists also have been burdened with the adage: "Leftovers are good enough for us, and we should be grateful for them." I remember how a clerk tried to palm off astale and cheap cigar to her octogenarian customer. He knew better and carne away with a far superior smoke. The clerk fumed, "What does he need a good cigar for? Who is he to be particular!" In this and in many other ways, elders often have labored under the sociocultural expectation that they should be well content with whatever scraps and shmattes happen to come their way. Gerontologists can identify with this situation. The systematic study of aging and the aged was a new enterprise at the midpoint of this century, but the concepts and methods were pretty much limited to those already on hand. What biological and sociobehavioral scientists had been doing for years was simply extended to the newly annexed territory. This as not only a convenient but also a cost-effective strategy. Data accumulated more rapidly by remaining within familiar frarnes of reference and relying on farniliar designs and mea- sures. The new gerontologists soon harvested a promising crop of descriptive findings. Within a decade after the establishment of the Gerontological Society of America (1947), it was possible to discern the outlines of a valuable new field of knowledge.
The modern view of the mind is the result of thousands of years of thought, discussion, and experimentation. This volume examines how the foundations of this concept were laid in the ancient world, focusing on the role of ^Ipsyche^R in the thought of the most influential philosophers, poets, and physicians from archaic Greece to the fall of Rome. The authors show how the various processes we now group together under the general rubric psychology—such as thought, emotion, desire, and will—began as relatively disparate parts of the Greek conceptual scheme, only converging gradually over the course of centuries into what we now call mind. By reconstructing what the ancient Greeks and Romans understood by terms such as ^Ipsyche^R, ^Iphrenes^R, and ^Inous^R, this survey of the early development of psychological thought highlights the legacies of their accounts, which can still be found embedded in modern psychological assumptions.
Psychiatric disorders in adolescents are an important social problem which is relevant to almost all healthcare professionals. According to the results of The National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), the lifetime prevalence of anxiety, behavior, mood, and substance use disorders among adolescents was 31.9%, 19.1%, 14.3%, and 11.4%, respectively. Approximately 40% of participants in this survey with one class of disorder also met criteria for another class of lifetime disorder. Comorbidity is increasingly recognized as a key feature of mental disorders among adolescents. Female adolescents are more likely than males to have mood and anxiety disorders, but less likely to have behavioral and substance use disorders. Regretfully, medical professionals are not sufficiently trained about adolescent psychiatric disorders. For example, primary care providers correctly identify less than a fourth of youth with a depressive or anxiety disorder. Also, many clinicians underestimate the importance of the problem of adolescent psychiatric illnesses and suicidal behavior. Lack of skilled medical providers impedes the delivery of needed services to adolescents with mental health issues. This coupled with a lag in the ability of primary health care services to incorporate psychiatric interventions, and a failure of public health initiatives to pay attention to adolescent mental health problems has led to continuing gaps in care over decades despite the public pronouncements of needs. In this book you will find relevant information for health professionals, since we believe that the mental health of adolescents is essential for sustaining healthy and productive societies.
Withtherecentlyperceivedincreaseinincidenceofautismandtherealizationthat "autism"mayactuallybe"autisms"withsubsetsofaffectedindividuals,researchers have been pursuing the possibility that there may be multiple etiologies for the disorder.Althoughmostautismstudieshavefocusedongeneticsandadvancedn- roimaging,thereisapaucityofresearchaimedatdeterminingtheneurochemical basisofautism.Identifyingcoreneuralsubstratesorkeybiomarkersisessentialto understandingthemechanisticbasisthatmayinpartunderlie"autisms."Alterations inmolecules,proteins,receptors,andsynapticelementsaresomeofthecontrib- ingsubstratesthatcouldresultinaltereddevelopmentalprocesses,changedsynaptic function,andaberrationsinconnectivity.Itisnowapparentthatmultiplebrainareas are affected in autism, and neuropathological defects have been described within corticalandsubcorticalnetworks.Althoughrecentprogresshasbeenmadeinid- tifyingsomeofthegenesthatmayunderliethedisorder,muchattentionhasalso beengiventoepigeneticand/orenvironmentalfactorsthatmaycontributetosubsets ofautisticindividuals. The contributors to this book were hand selected because of their expertise in their respective ?elds. Individually each chapter presents a unique perspective into the clinical, developmental, neurochemical, and/or physical chemical basis of autism. The contributing authors summarize current research ?ndings in their respective areas and also present novel ideas and propose hypotheses and p- sible mechanisms that may be operative during development and the potential consequencesofhavingdefectsinspeci?cmolecules,receptors,orgenes. Thesubtitle"FromMoleculestoMinicolumns"wasinsertedbecauseofmuch recent attention given to alterations in the basic organization of mini- or mic- columns of neurons in cerebral cortical areas in autism. These especially include prefrontalcorticalareasthatundergoanovergrowthduringearlypostnataldevel- mentinmanyindividualswithautism.Tothisend,theworldrenownedDr.Alan Peters,theneuroanatomistthatoriginallydescribedmini-ormicro-columnaror- nizationinthecerebralcortex,wasrecruitedtowriteachapterinthisbookgiving hisexpertperspectiveontheissueinautism. The book begins with highly respected clinician, Dr. Margaret L. Bauman, DirectoroftheLADDERSclinicintheBostonarea,withaclinicalandmedicalp- spectiveofautismdiscussingetiologies,clinicalpresentation,earlyidenti?cation, vii viii Preface advancementsinmedicalcare,andassociateddisorders. Inthechapter"TheMale Prevalence in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Hypotheses on its Neurobiological Basis",ItalianresearchersDrs.FlavioKellerandLilianaRutapresentneuroch- ical hypotheses as the basis for the predominance of male prevalence in autism discussing the possible roles of estrogen, testosterone, oxytocin, and vasopressin in the organization of brain circuits and hemispheric specialization. Psychiatrist Dr. Ricardo Vella relates neuropathologies in autism, in the limbic and cereb- lar regions, to speci?c behaviors and presents a developmental perspective and hypotheses regarding emotional and attachment behaviors in autistic individuals.
'A powerful and impassioned defence of psychiatry, urging the Left to confront the harsh realities of mental illness' - William Davis, author of The Happiness Industry A new edition of one of the most significant and credible critiques of the anti-psychiatry movement. As relevant today as it was when first published in 1982, the book changed the conversation on mental health and illness, demanding that we assess its relationship to the wider decay of social institutions. Dissecting the work of popular anti-psychiatric thinkers, Erving Goffman, R.D. Laing, Michel Foucault and Thomas Szasz, Sedgwick exposed the conservative undercurrents and false hopes represented by the alternative psychiatry of the sixties and seventies, challenging the very real impact it had on our collective responsibility to look after the mentally ill. With a new introduction that highlights the relevance of Sedgwick's demands for modern mental health movements, the practice of psychiatry and for left-wing activists, this new edition further cements PsychoPolitics' cult classic status.
This book presents a literary and linguistic reading of obsessive-compulsive disorder to argue that medical understandings of disability need their social, political, literary and linguistic counterparts, especially if we aspire to create a more inclusive, self-reflective society.
Aggressive behavior among children and adolescents has confounded parents and perplexed professionals-especially those tasked with its treatment and prevention-for countless years. As baffling as these behaviors are, however, recent advances in neuroscience focusing on brain development have helped to make increasing sense of their complexity. "" Focusing on their most prevalent forms, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder, "Disruptive Behavior Disorders" advances the understanding of DBD on a number of significant fronts. Its neurodevelopmental emphasis within an ecological approach offers links between brain structure and function and critical environmental influences and the development of these specific disorders. The book's findings and theories help to differentiate DBD within the contexts of normal development, non-pathological misbehavior and non-DBD forms of pathology. Throughout these chapters are myriad implications for accurate identification, effective intervention and future cross-disciplinary study. Key issues covered include: Gene-environment interaction models.Neurobiological processes and brain functions.Callous-unemotional traits and developmental pathways.Relationships between gender and DBD.Multiple pathways of familial transmission. "Disruptive Behavior Disorders" is a groundbreaking resource for researchers, scientist-practitioners and graduate students in clinical child and school psychology, psychiatry, educational psychology, prevention science, child mental health care, developmental psychology and social work.
What happens when the physical body and the subjective sense of self part company? How do we explain phantom limbs and alien abduction? What are the cognitive, neurobiological mechanisms that support such phenomena? In this special issue of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Spence and Halligan explore all these issues and more, with contributions drawn from an internationally renowned panel of authors, most of whom contributed to a symposium held in Sheffield, England in June 2001 ('The Neuropsychiatry of the Body in Space'). That meeting was primarily concerned with those bizarre and disturbing syndromes that arise when 'body' and 'self', soma and psyche are dissociated from each other, within or beyond the body's surface. Some disorders constrain the space of the body (as in neglect and dissociation syndromes), others seem to extend the boundaries (as with phantom limbs and autoscopy). Still others suggest a permeability of those boundaries (as in alien control and thought insertion, each occurring in schizophrenia). Finally, the body may itself be perceived as having passed into space, the most extreme exemplar being 'alien abduction'. Each paper contains a description of disturbed phenomenology and an account and critique of current cognitive neuropsychiatric findings.
What is self-government? How has it been related to mental health? In recent years Foucauldian analyses of the history of psychiatry have dominated the answers to these questions. Through an examination of the twentieth-century mental hygiene movement in Britain that uses previously unavailable archives and little-used primary literature, this book provides a counter-argument. Ironically taking as its template Michel Foucault's early interpretation of moral treatment and its status as a defining moment in the trajectory of modern psychiatry, this book places the mental hygiene movement within the broad sweep of modern British psychiatric history. It unfolds the combined psychological and political understandings of self-government that have informed important elements of psychiatry and become associated in particular with the promotion of mental health. From moral treatment, to theories informing nineteenth-century social casework, to the emergence and development of the mental hygiene movement, to its replacement by a consumer oriented and rights based movement, this book traces how conceptualisations of self-government and mental health have been transmitted and gradually transformed.
This handbook provides a comprehensive review of the numerous factors associated with treatments for children, youth, and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It offers in-depth analysis of evidence-based treatments for young children, providing coverage on interventions within social skills training, school curricula, communication and speech training, and augmentative communication. It also covers treatments for adolescents and adults, including vocational programs, social integration programs, and mental health resources. Chapters also review several popular interventions such as functional behavior analysis, sensory integration therapy, early intensive behavioral interventions (EIBI), and floor time. In addition, the Handbook discusses standards of practice, focusing on ethical issues, review boards, training concerns, and informed consent. Topics featured in the Handbook include: Training for parents of individuals diagnosed with ASD. Treatment of socially reinforced problem behavior. Comorbid challenging behaviors. Post-secondary education supports and programs for adults. The TEACCH Program for people with ASD. Treatment of addiction in adults with ASD. Diet and nutrition based treatments targeted at children with ASD. The Handbook of Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder is a must-have reference for researchers, clinicians/professionals, and graduate students in clinical child, school, and developmental psychology, child and adolescent psychiatry, and social work as well as rehabilitation medicine/therapy, behavioral therapy, pediatrics, and educational psychology.
Multidisciplinary and trans-cultural ... This book provides an up-to-date review of the current state of care, treatment and prevention in child and adolescent mental health from multidisciplinary and trans-cultural perspectives. Systems of care, services and interventions in selected parts of the world are described by leading experts with a focus on the current status of services in the respective parts of the world the major needs and deficits in identifying mental health problems in children and adolescents (awareness and diagnosis) the major needs in treatment, care and prevention realistic proposals on how to improve the situation of children and adolescents who suffer from, or are at risk for, mental health problems. In addition, the major principles and strategies of treatment and intervention are described, on an empirical basis, using a selected number of treatment approaches and treatment settings as examples. Finally, the possibilities, strategies and limitations of early detection and prevention are reviewed with the aim of improving the living conditions of children and families in need of mental health support. ... a valuable resource for mental health workers all over the world
A panel of international psychiatrists, neurologists, clinical psychologists, and neuropsychiatrists review for the clinical neurologist those aspects of psychiatry that impact the management of neurological disorders. On the one hand, the authors illuminate the neurological aspects of such psychiatric disorders as depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, hysteria, catatonia, addictions, and personality disorders. On the other hand, they also explain in detail the psychiatric evaluation of the neurological patient and discuss the behavioral aspects of the major neurological disorders, including psychiatric complications of dementia and stroke, neuromuscular disorders, the psychiatric aspects of Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, Huntington's disease, Tourette's syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. Comprehensive and timely, Psychiatry for Neurologists helps to close the artificial gap separating neurology and psychiatry so that neurologists feel comfortable managing the psychiatric aspects of the neurological disorders they treat. |
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