This book will address the major subsoil physical and chemical constraints and their implications to crop production; Plant growth is often restricted by adverse physical and chemical properties of subsoils yet these limitations are not revealed by testing surface soils and hence their significance in crop management is often overlooked. The major constraints can be physical or chemical. Physical limitations such as poor/nil subsoil structure, sandy subsoils that do not provide adequate water or gravelly subsoils and, etc. On the other hand, chemical constraints include acidity/alkalinity, high extractable Al or Mn, low nutrient availability, salts, boron toxicity and pyritic subsoils. Some of these constraints are inherent properties of the soil profile while others are induced by crop and soil management practices. This aim of this book is to define the constraints and discuss amelioration practices and benefits for crop production. This book will be of interest to readers involved with agriculture and soil sciences in laboratory, applied or classroom settings.

Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Biological Treatment of Industrial Effluents provides extensive coverage of new developments, state-of-the-art technologies, and potential future trends in data-based scientific knowledge and advanced information on the role and application of environmental biotechnology and engineering in the treatment of industrial effluents. These treatment processes have been broadly classified under aerobic and anaerobic processes which determines the scope and level of pollutant removal. Chapters in this volume review the most recent developments and perspectives at different environmental cleanup operation scales.

Water Purification, a volume in the Nanotechnology in the Food Industry series, provides an in-depth review of the current technologies and emerging application of nanotechnology in drinking water purification, also presenting an overview of the common drinking water contaminants, such as heavy metals, organics, microorganisms, pharmaceuticals, and their occurrences in drinking water sources. As the global water crisis has motivated the industry to look for alternative water supplies, nanotechnology presents significant potential for utilizing previously unacceptable water sources. This books explores the practical methodologies for transforming water using nanotechnologies, and is a comprehensive reference to a wide audience of food science research professionals, professors, and students who are doing research in this field.

Key features: Takes a quantitative approach to the science of aquaculture Covers the complete landscape of the scientific basis of fish culture Promotes problem solving and critical thinking Includes sample problems at the end of most chapters Guides the reader through the technical considerations of intensive aquaculture, including fish growth rates, hydraulic characteristics of fish rearing units, oxygen consumption rates in relation to oxygen solubility and fish tolerance of hypoxia, and water reconditioning by reaeration and ammonia filtration. Discusses the environmental effects of aquaculture Includes a chapter on hatchery effluent control to meet receiving water discharge criteria Aquaculture Technology: Flowing Water and Static Water Fish Culture is the first book to provide the skills to raise fish in both a flowing water and a static water aquaculture system with a pragmatic and quantitative approach. Following in the tradition of the author's highly praised book, Flowing Water Fish Culture, this work will stand out as one that makes the reader understand the theory of each type of aquaculture system; it will teach the user "how to think" rather than "what to think" about these systems. The book presents the scientific basis for the controlled husbandry of fish, whether it be in a stream of water or a standing water pool. Part 1, Flowing Water Fish Culture, is a major revision of the author's initial book and includes greatly expanded coverage of rearing unit design criteria, fish growth and the use of liquid oxygen, hatchery effluent control, and recirculating systems. Part 2, Static Water Fish Culture, presents the scientific basis of fish culture in standing water systems including nutrient and dissolved gas dynamics, pond ecology, effects of fertilization and supplemental feeding, water quality management and representative static water aquacultures. Aquaculture Technology conveys the science in a manner appropriate for use by university students and teachers and others involved in fish production and aquaculture research and development worldwide. It will enable the reader to adapt to changing technologies, markets, and environmental regulations as they occur.

The focus of the book is on how to use mass and heat balances to simulate and design biological wastewater treatment processes. All the main processes for biological wastewater treatment are covered viz. activated sludge processes for carbon and nitrogen removal, anaerobic digestion, sequencing batch reactors, and attached growth processes.

Explore a Viable Resource for Desalination The world's freshwater supplies are rapidly depleting and seawater is being positioned as a major feasible replacement in the search for a sustainable water source. Focused on large-scale multi-stage flash (MSF) seawater desalination plants, and based on research conducted on a real 18-stage plant, Multi-Stage Flash Desalination: Modeling, Simulation and Adaptive Control outlines the principles and processes of MSF desalination and highlights the state of the art in MSF desalination modeling, simulation, and control. This book offers a brief overview of MSF plants, explains the importance of the various control systems for large MSF plants, and describes methods of mathematical modeling centered on physical phenomena in the MSF process. It introduces a developed dynamic model and illustrates the simulation of the model using an equation-based flowsheet simulation package (SPEEDUP) from AspenTech. It also presents a method for finding and using a non-parametric model in designing optimal PID control systems and recommends an adaptive scheme that maintains optimal plant operation over a range of operating conditions. The improvements suggested by the author for PID controllers are pervasive in desalination plants of high dimension and also relate to other process industries with comparable conditions. He also discusses the use of renewable energy sources for desalination and stresses the potential of solar energy in the Arab region, an area known for its aridity and scarcity of water. The text: Details the dynamic model of the various elements in an MSF plant Considers the obtained model as well as available measurement data Presents a developed model for use in PID control Provides descriptions, listings, and additional reference material for further research Multi-Stage Flash Desalination: Modeling, Simulation and Adaptive Control covers the processes of desalination and the operation and control of MSF plants for large-scale desalination and provides you with a greater understanding of dynamics, operation, and control.

Grasp the Essential Principles of Membrane Bioreactor Processes Evolved from the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process, membrane bioreactor (MBR) processes have become the next-generation solution for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment and recycle. Membrane Bioreactor Processes: Principles and Applications explores nearly all the theoretical and practical aspects of membrane bioreactor technologies. Using the author's expertise obtained from academia and industry, this book provides the crucial details on MBR technology that that you need to know. The book details the theoretical and practical backgrounds of current practices involved with membrane module design, biological and membrane system design, system optimization, and system operation. Outlines the State of the Art of the Membrane Bioreactor Technology The text discusses the fundamentals of membrane filtration, emphasizing the principles of submerged membrane filtration. It also explores the complex interaction among key design and operating parameters, offers comprehensive explanations on the interconnectivity between biological and membrane systems, and covers new findings discovered in recent years. This book clearly explains how small-scale systems perform differently from larger-scale systems and its implications in data interpretation. Using this book as a platform, the technology can be developed further and quickly applied in future processes.

Lessons can be learnt from the past; from time to time it is useful for practitioners to look back over the historical developments of their science. Hydrogeology has developed from humble beginnings into the broad church of investigatory procedures which collectively form the modern-day hydrogeologist's tool box. Hydrogeology remains a branch of the over-arching science of geology and today provides analysis of the sub-surface part of the water cycle within a holistic approach to problem solving. The History of Hydrogeology, is a first attempt to bring the story of the evolution of the science of hydrogeology together from a country- or region-specific viewpoint. It does not cover history to the present day, nor does it deal with all countries involved in groundwater studies, but rather takes the story for specific key countries up and until about the period 1975 to 1980. This is when hydrogeology was still evolving and developing, and in some areas doing so quite rapidly. The book has been written not only for practitioners of hydrogeology and hydrology but also for teachers and students to see the context of the evolution of the science around the globe. The History of Hydrogeology will also be of interest to science historians and all those interested in the role that individuals, institutes and nations have played over the years in defining modern day studies of groundwater.

Giving you the first comprehensive presentation of the ground breaking research undertaken at Heriot Watt University, with Research Council and industrial funding, this book brings a new perspective to the design of building drainage and vent systems. It provides the building services community with clear and verifiable design methods that will be robust enough to meet challenges such as climate change and water conservation; population migration to the mega cities of the developing world, and the consequent pressures of user concentration; the rise of the prestige building and the introduction of new appliances and control strategies. These all combine to make traditional codified design guidance insufficient. Many assumptions in existing codes defining the entrained airflows within building drainage vent systems cannot be theoretically supported, so designers concerned with these systems need analysis and simulation capabilities which are at least as reliable as those enjoyed by other building services practitioners. The Method of Characteristics solution techniques which are well established in the pressure surge field are now used to provide solutions for drainage designers. The material is applied to a whole range of abstract scenarios then to a series of real world applications including the forensic modelling of the SARS virus spread within Amoy Gardens in 2003 and the refurbishment of the O2 Dome. Applications to specialised services, including underground station drainage and highly infectious disease treatment facilities are discussed and demonstrated, alongside the use of design and simulation techniques in support of product development. Aimed at both professional and academic users, this book serves both as a design aid and as a core text for specialist masters courses in public health and building services engineering.

Water, sanitary and waste services represent a substantial proportion of the cost of construction, averaging 10% of the capital costs of building and with continuing costs in operation and maintenance. Nevertheless, they are often regarded as a 'Cinderella' within the building process. Parts of many different codes and regulations impact on these services, making an overall viewpoint more difficult to get. This new edition of this classic text draws together material from a variety of sources to provide the comprehensive coverage not available elsewhere. It is a resource for the sound design, operation and maintenance of these services and should be on the bookshelf of every building services engineer and architect.

This text provides approaches and methodologies for implementing pollution prevention (P2) and waste minimization programmes to reduce manufacturing operational costs significantly. It focuses on reducing manufacturing and environmental compliance costs by instituting feedstock substitution, improved operational schemes, recycling and by-product recovery, waste minimization, and energy efficiency policies, and offers project cost accounting tools that assist in evaluating money-saving P2 options.

The development of biofilms and their role in public health - particularly drinking water - is often overlooked. Ideal for anyone interested in water related issues, Microbiological Aspects of Biofilms and Drinking Water presents an overview of the public health effects associated with drinking water. It highlights the microbiological aspects relating to the development of biofilms. The first four chapters focus on the state of the water supply. The authors review methods for studying the epidemiological spread of waterborne infections and those used in surveillance and control of pathogenic microbes. He includes the methods used for the detection of pathogens of public health importance in drinking water. In the subsequent chapters the authors pay close attention to biofilm development within drinking water systems, underlining the public health threat. They cover the microbes important to public health and include the methods used to detect biofilms. In conclusion they review the methods involved in biofilm control - both conventional and biocidal treatments. Overall, Microbiological Aspects of Biofilms and Drinking Water provides a snapshot of public health and the water supply. It covers the future of drinking water and its associated health hazards and provides a deeper understanding of biofilms and how they provide a safe haven for pathogens and water related diseases.

This time-saving book provides extensive coverage of all important aspects of nitrates in groundwater, ranging from prevention to problem assessment to remediation. It begins by highlighting the nitrogen cycle and related health concerns, providing both background information and a unique perspective on health issues. It then analyzes subsurface pr

Proceedings of the 1st International Conference, Lyon, France, 27-29 June 1990. This book presents the specialist and those less familiar with water treatment and environmental management with up to date information from a range of international workers. The conference was a forum at which interest groups representing the research community, water companies, regulatory bodies, and designers and operators of plant were beneficially brought into contact. The spirit of information exchange is retained in this book.

Most People in rural Africa do not have access to safe toilets and their health and well-being suffers as a consequence. There is an urgent need for the construction of simple, low-cost, affordable toilets that are easy to build and maintain. Toilets that make compost provides practical examples of toilets that, in addition to providing a safe sanitation option, also recycle the nutrients in excreta to produce compost. This compost is valued wherever wherever households have enough space to grow fruit and vegetables in their back gardens; the designs are suitable for regions where there is no high water table or prolonged wet season. This book provides detailed instructions for constructing a range of toilets from the simplest and most affordable to the more sophisticated ecological toilet.

Access to water and sanitation service in industrialized countries is nearly taken for granted, but in many developing countries less than half of the population has access to such services. Decades of effort on a global scale have been invested to solve this problem. One such effort-Brazil's participatory approach to water and sanitation-is Nance's subject in Engineers and Communities. In the early 1980s, Brazilian engineers created participatory sanitation (known locally as condominial sewerage) to make basic sanitation service more inclusive. Fiercely contested at first, the technology's success hinged on the formation of strong and stable coalitions of diverse actors and on the promotion of both real participation and a participation narrative. The innovations described in the book contributed to the now indispensable concepts of community participation and locally appropriate technology. Today the technology has spread across Brazil- it has been legally incorporated into sewer design norms and codes, it is counted in the national census, and the model is being transferred to other countries by The World Bank and others who are trying to make basic urban services more inclusive of the poor. Engineers and Communities sheds light on what is essential in the broader discourse of international development.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Solid Waste Management provides extensive coverage of new developments, state-of-the-art technologies, and potential future trends, reviewing the latest innovative developments in environmental biotechnology and bioengineering as they pertain to solid wastes, also revealing current research priority areas in solid waste treatment and management. The fate of solid wastes can be divided into three major areas, recycling, energy recovery, and safe disposal. From this foundation, the book covers such key areas as biotechnological production of value added products from solid waste, bioenergy production from various organic solid wastes, and biotechnological solutions for safe, environmentally-friendly treatment and disposal. The state of the art situation, potential advantages, and limitations are discussed, along with proposed strategies on how to overcome limitations.

This text series of "Water and Wastewater Engineering" have been written in a time of mounting urbanisation and industrialisation and resulting stress on water and wastewater systems. Clean and ample sources of water for municipal uses are becoming harder to find and more expensive to develop.

The text is comprehensive and covers all aspects of water supply, water sources, water distribution, sanitary sewerage and urban stormwater drainage. This wide coverage is helpful to engineers in their every day practice.

In her bestselling books Blue Gold and Blue Covenant, world-renowned water activist Maude Barlow exposed the battle for ownership of our dwindling water supply and the emergence of an international, grassroots-led movement to reclaim water as a public good. Since then, the United Nations has recognized access to water as a basic human right-but there is still much work to be done to stem this growing crisis. In this major new book, Barlow draws on her extensive experience and insight to lay out a set of key principles that show the way forward to what she calls a "water-secure and water-just world." Not only does she reveal the powerful players even now impeding the recognition of the human right to water, she argues that water must not become a commodity to be bought and sold on the open market. Focusing on solutions, she includes stories of struggle and resistance from marginalized communities, as well as government policies that work for both people and the planet. At a time when climate change has moved to the top of the national agenda and when the stage is being set for unprecedented drought, mass starvation, and the migration of millions of refugees in search of water, Blue Future is an urgent call to preserve our most valuable resource for generations to come.

This book offers a comprehensive review of how plastic pollution is affecting fresh and marine waters, and what the current challenges in plastic waste assessment and management in the aquatic environment are. Plastic waste comprises particles with heterogeneous physicochemical properties such as large size-range, different shapes and polymer types with various additives determining their environmental fate and risk. This complexity raises several open research questions which are explored in this book. Examples are the plastic uptake by aquatic organisms, degradation processes as well as sources and sinks in the environment. Readers will discover real case studies of plastic pollution detection and management in different parts of the world, including Asia, America and Europe, which provide an integrated overview of the global scope of this issue. This book and the companion volume Plastics in the Aquatic Environment - Part II: Stakeholders' Role Against Pollution are valuable resources to students, researchers, policymakers and environmental managers interested in plastic pollution and working towards its reduction.

The latest book in the popular series demonstrates state-of-the-art methods, models, and techniques for water quality management. This book includes a CD-ROM that collects hundreds of hard-to-find literature citations from the gray literature.

This book covers the full spectrum of water and environment conservation, offering management lessons, identifying the barriers to transformative change, and then presenting agendas and initiatives for sustainable global water and environment management. Water is a unique resource and is vital to human beings and ecosystems. At the same time, it is a driver of growth and development. However, in a changing world factors such as rapid population growth and urbanization are having an increasing impact on water and the environment, and managing critical water resources sustainably represents an unprecedented and urgent challenge. As such, the book describes innovative approaches that can be used to support the operationalization and delivery of sustainable water and environment management. ICSDWE 2019 is dedicated to sustainable water and environment, with a focus on the water resources management, wastewater treatment and environmental protection. Sharing current knowledge and recent developments, experiences and lessons learned, it stimulates discussion and reflection, to promote a paradigm shift toward sustainable water and environment management.

This book describes the existential threats facing the global water systems from population growth and economic development, unsustainable use, environmental change, and weak and fragmented governance. It argues that 'business-as-usual' water science and management cannot solve global water problems because today's water systems are increasingly complex and face uncertain future conditions. Instead, a more holistic, strategic, agile and publically engaged process of water decision making is needed. Building Resilience for Uncertain Water Futures emphasises the importance of adaptation through a series of case studies of cities, regions, and communities that have experimented with anticipatory policy-making, scenario development, and public engagement. By shifting perspective from an emphasis on management to one of adaptation, the book emphasizes the capacity to manage uncertainties, the need for cross-sector coordination, and mechanisms for engaging stakeholder with differing goals and conflict resolution. This book will be a useful resource for students and academics seeking a better understanding of sustainable water use, water policy and water resources management.

Equipment used for the analysis of water is frequently insufficiently sensitive to be able to detect the low concentrations of organic and inorganic substances present in samples. Applying preconcentration to the sample prior to analysis means the results gained are more accurate and can be used to report trends more effectively. Each chapter of Preconcentration Techniques for Natural and Treated Waters discusses a different method of preconcentration and its application to the preconcentration of cations, anions, organic substances and organometallic compounds. Drawing together the recent world literature available on the subject, this book provides detailed discussion of the need for reducing detection limits in analytical chemistry and ways of achieving this aim. Throughout the book emphasis is laid on providing practical experimental detail, facilitating further development of procedures. Numerous tables present information clearly and accessibly. This book will be an invaluable reference for biologists, chemists, agriculturists, toxicologists, oceanographers, and environmentalists dealing with the analysis of water in industry and academia.