Except in schoolboy jokes, the subject of human waste is rarely aired. We talk about water-related diseases when most are sanitation-related - in short, we don t mention the shit.A century and a half ago, a long, hot summer reduced the Thames flowing past the UK Houses of Parliament to a Great Stink, thereby inducing MPs to legislate sanitary reform. Today, another sanitary reformation is needed, one that manages to spread cheaper and simpler systems to people everywhere.In the byways of the developing world, much is quietly happening on the excretory frontier. In 2008, the International Year of Sanitation, the authors bring this awkward subject to a wider audience than the world of international filth usually commands. They seek the elimination of the Great Distaste so that people without political clout or economic muscle can claim their right to a dignified and hygienic place to go .Published with UNICEF

Few policy areas in recent history have the attention of the Australian public and polity as much as those relating to water. Water Policy in Australia considers the current policy reform agenda from agricultural, environmental, and cultural perspectives. It presents a comprehensive account of the country's critical water issues and provides expert perspectives from behavioral and institutional economists, engineers, hydrologists, sociologists, and water law specialists. norms, and values relating to the exploitation of water resources. Until the 1980s, the engineer was king, and policymakers viewed water as an endless resource for driving economic growth. However, in the last twenty years, policymakers have been forced to acknowledge that it is not possible to perpetually supply more water at a low cost. Consequently, the country has begun to focus on water resource management through legislative and institutional change - attempting to allocate water in a more economically efficient and socially and environmentally acceptable manner. institutional change, as well as valuable lessons on the design of property rights for complex resources. The editor and contributors look beyond recent reform efforts and address the hydrological, biophysical, economic, and social factors at play in Australia. The book addresses pertinent issues, such as irrigation in the Murray-Darling basin, one of Australia's largest drainage divisions; the progression from common law riparian rights to share-based entitlements that encourage sustainable water use; and the potential outcomes of the recent National Water Initiative, a wide-ranging strategy to improve water management and simultaneously maintain healthy groundwater and river systems.

Nowhere is the conflict between economic progress and environmental quality more apparent than in the mineral extraction industries. The latter half of the 20th century saw major advances in the reclamation technologies. However, mine water pollution problems have not been addressed. In many cases, polluted mine water long outlives the life of the mining operation. As the true cost of long-term water treatment responsibilities has become apparent, interest has grown in the technologies that would decrease the production of contaminated water and make its treatment less costly. This is the first book to address the mine water issue head-on. The authors explain the complexities of mine water pollution by reviewing the hydrogeological context of its formation, and provide an up-to-date presentation of prevention and treatment technologies. The book will be a valuable reference for all professionals who encounter polluted mine water on a regular or occasional basis.

Riverbank filtration is a low cost, yet efficient water treatment technology. It has most potential to provide safe drinking water to large cities located along rivers or lakes. In particular, it is ideal for large population centres in developing countries, where the cost of building extensive treatment facilities is prohibitive. Water filtration can be successfully implemented using naturally occurring sand and gravel along the river/lake banks. The cost of water produced by this means is much lower than that of water treated in conventional treatment plants. Authored by a multi-disciplinary team of experts, this volume addresses the scientific basis of the filtration process, and also numerous topics of importance for the planning, technical realization, and security of such plants. Their application for the removal of relevant chemical pollutants and a variety of pathogens is analysed in detail.

Water quality modeling is a powerful tool to help in understanding the processes and factors that influence water quality in potable water distribution systems. This book will help you set up a realistic mathematical simulation of your distribution system and your water quality to let you determine the fate of contaminants as they travel through the distribution system. You'll see how to model a wide range of operational and design variables. Experiment with various scenarios to model and monitor TTHMs, disinfectant decay, chemical reactions, supply-and-demand over time, hydraulics, tank mixing, blended waters, and many other parameters. Whether you are new to water quality modeling or a long-time practitioner, you'll find a vast wealth of knowledge from an esteemed expert in the field and pioneering developer of EPANET, author Robert M. Clark.

Industrialized nations are facing a broad range of environmental restoration problems associated with contamination of surface-subsurface soils. Remedial action is assigned a high priority because of possibly dangerous drinking water contamination and non-compliance situations. Numerous technologies, both commercially available or in various stages of development, are examined. This book focuses on recent technological developments for environmental control and clean-up. The book acquaints scientists, government officials and managers with technical issues related to environmental restoration in case of contamination, including accidental pollution release.

During the past three decades, urban groundwater has emerged as one of the world's most pressing issues. Explosive population growth, most prevalent in cities, has placed an inordinate demand on groundwater supply, prompting concerns for its long-term sustainability at a time when the quality of available groundwater resources is being increasingly degraded by anthropogenic activity. Cities less reliant on groundwater for potable supply are equally obliged to manage subsurface water with cautious respect since rising groundwater levels can generate a myriad of problems such as unstable land slopes, flooded basements, tunnels and electrical utilities, and the release of polluted water to urban wetlands, springs and streams.Challenges in Urban Groundwater is premised on a growing recognition that most urban groundwater problems are not uniquely associated with any particular region or hydrogeological environment, and much can be learned by understanding the successes and failures of others. It showcases the best urban groundwater papers presented at the International Geological Congress held in Florence, Italy in 2004, and is supplemented by contributions solicited from other world experts active in urban groundwater research. Topics covered range from the urban water balance and rising groundwater levels to groundwater contamination and the role of aquifer modelling.

Increasing demand on industrial capacity has, as an unintended consequence, produced an accompanying increase in harmful and hazardous wastes. Derived from the second edition of the popular Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment, Hazardous Industrial Waste Treatment outlines the fundamentals and latest developments in hazardous waste treatment in various process industries, such as metal finishing, photographic processing, wood treatment, and explosives. Comprehensive in scope, the book provides information that is directly applicable to daily waste management problems throughout the industry. The book contains in-depth discussions of environmental pollution sources, waste characteristics, control technologies, management strategies, facility innovations, process alternatives, costs, case histories, effluent standards, and future trends for the process industry. It includes extensive bibliographies for each type of industrial process waste treatment or practice, invaluable information to anyone who needs to trace, follow, duplicate, or improve on a specific process waste treatment practice. A quick scan of the chapters and contributors reveals the depth and breadth of the book's coverage. Hazardous Industrial Waste Treatment provides technical and economical information on how to develop the most feasible total environmental control program that can benefit both industry and local municipalities.

The management of, and access to, water resources have been universally identified as a key aspect of poverty reduction, agriculture and food security and sustainable development in developing, transitional, and developed countries worldwide. Yet good "water governance," so eagerly sought, has in practice proven difficult to achieve. This book, edited and authored by leading authorities on water resource management, examines the recent changes in governance, institutions, economics, and policies of water, from a global point of view and a cross-country perspective, with special emphasis on African and Southern African case studies.The authors show that in recent years, water policies, institutions, and governance have shifted from technical, quantitative, supply-driven, centrally controlled management to more demand-sensitive, qualitative, decentralized, participatory, integrated approaches. Such a move also often supposes cost recovery principles, resource allocation among competing sectors, and privatization. In most developing countries, motivations for these changes have been increased resource scarcity, increased diversity of users and uses, urbanization, financial constraints and the need for sustainable development through renewed water management. Yet the creation and operation of new policies and legal frameworks often fall short of initial expectations since management transfer and decentralization processes, cost recovery principles and the emergence of new local organizations have proven difficult to implement. The book examines these issues through case studies at national, river basin, and local levels using accessible multidisciplinary approaches that integrate economics, institutional analysis, geography, and policy analysis. Ultimately the book untangles and presents best practices for policy and decision makers, governments and regulators, NGOs and user groups, farmers, water-supply companies, and researchers, and points towards how good water governance structures can be developed and implemented for the benefit of all.

Chittaranjan Ray, Ph. D. , P. E. University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii, United States Jurgen Schubert, M. Sc. Stadtwerke Dusseldorf AG Dusseldorf, Germany Ronald B. Linsky National Water Research Institute Fountain Valley, California, United States Gina Melin National Water Research Institute Fountain Valley, California, United States 1. What is Riverbank Filtration? The purpose ofthis book is to show that riverbank filtration (RBF) isa low-cost and efficient alternative water treatment for drinking-water applications. There are two immediate benefits to the increased use of RBF: Minimized need for adding chemicals like disinfectants and coagulants to surface water to control pathogens. Decreased costs to the community without increased risk to human health. Butwhat,exactly, isRBF? In humid regions, river water naturally percolates through the ground into aquifers (which are layers of sand and gravel that contain water underground) during high-flow conditions. In arid regions, most rivers lose flow, and the percolating water passes through soil and aquifer material until it reaches the water table. During these percolation processes, potential contaminants present in river water are filtered and attenuated. If there are no other contaminants present in the aquifer or ifthe respective contaminants are present at lower concentrations, the quality of water in the aquifer can be ofhigher quality than that found in theriver. In RBF, production wells - which are placed near the banks ofrivers -pump large quantities ofwater.

The unit process approach, common in the field of chemical engineering, was introduced about 1962 to the field of environmental engineering. An understanding of unit processes is the foundation for continued learning and for designing treatment systems. The time is ripe for a new textbook that delineates the role of unit process principles in environmental engineering. Suitable for a two-semester course, Water Treatment Unit Processes: Physical and Chemical provides the grounding in the underlying principles of each unit process that students need in order to link theory to practice. Bridging the gap between scientific principles and engineering practice, the book covers approaches that are common to all unit processes as well as principles that characterize each unit process. Integrating theory into algorithms for practice, Professor Hendricks emphasizes the fundamentals, using simple explanations and avoiding models that are too complex mathematically, allowing students to assimilate principles without getting sidelined by excess calculations. Applications of unit processes principles are illustrated by example problems in each chapter. Student problems are provided at the end of each chapter; the solutions manual can be downloaded from the CRC Press Web site. Excel spreadsheets are integrated into the text as tables designated by a "CD" prefix. Certain spreadsheets illustrate the idea of "scenarios" that emphasize the idea that design solutions depend upon assumptions and the interactions between design variables. The spreadsheets can be downloaded from the CRC web site. The book has been designed so that each unit process topic is self-contained, with sidebars and examples throughout the text. Each chapter has subheadings, so that students can scan the pages and identify important topics with little effort. Problems, references, and a glossary are found at the end of each chapter. Most chapters contain downloadable Excel spreadsheets integrated into the text and appendices with additional information. Appendices at the end of the book provide useful reference material on various topics that support the text. This design allows students at different levels to easily navigate through the book and professors to assign pertinent sections in the order they prefer. The book gives your students an understanding of the broader aspects of one of the core areas of the environmental engineering curriculum and knowledge important for the design of treatment systems.

Transboundary rivers and lakes are often the remaining new sources of water that can be developed for human uses. These water sources were not used in the past because of the many complexities involved. Written and edited by the world 's leading water and legal experts, this unique and authoritative book analyses the magnitudes of the transboundary water problems in different parts of the world. It also examines difficulties and constraints faced to resolve these problems.

This book addresses a broad range of issues concerning microplastic pollution, including microplastic pollution in various environments (freshwater, marine, air and soil); the sources, fate and effects of microplastics; detection systems for microplastic pollution monitoring; green approaches for the synthesis of environmentally friendly polymers; recovery and recycling of marine plastics; wastewater treatment plants as a microplastic entrance route; nanoplastics as emerging pollutants; degradation of plastics in the marine environment; impacts of microplastics on marine life; microplastics: from marine pollution to the human food chain; mitigation of microplastic impacts and innovative solutions; sampling, extraction, purification and identification approaches for microplastics; adsorption and transport of pollutants on and in microplastics; and lastly, the socio-economic and environmental impacts: assessment and risk analysis. In addition to presenting cutting-edge information and highlighting current trends and issues, the book proposes concrete solutions to help face this significant environmental threat. It is chiefly intended for researchers and industry decision-makers; international, national and local institutions; and NGOs, providing them with comprehensive information on the origin of the problem; its effects on marine environments, with a particular focus on the Mediterranean Sea and coasts; and recent and ongoing research activities and projects aimed at finding technical solutions to mitigate the phenomenon.

This book highlights the relationship between the water sector and various other sectors in order to establish an improved understanding of the importance of water resources as an essential cross-cutting vector of socio-economic development. The book is both policy and practice oriented and is not constrained by existing definitions on water security. It includes actual experiences of policy, management, development and governance decisions taken within the water sector, and examples on how these have affected the energy and agricultural sectors as well as impacted the environment, and vice versa, as appropriate. It also discusses trade-offs, short and long-term implications, lessons learnt, and the way forward. The book includes case studies on cities, countries and regions such as Australia, China, Singapore, Central Asia, Morocco, Southern Africa, France, Latin America, Brazil and California.

Concept of Zero Liquid Discharge: Innovations and Advances for Sustainable Wastewater Management provides fundamental and in-depth knowledge on the need for ZLD and conventional and modern technologies, along with the various strategies available to achieve ZLD. The book covers various wastewater treatment technologies that lead to ZLD, integrated wastewater treatment approaches, challenges faced by industries in meeting ZLD goals, and solutions leading to cleaner technologies. In addition, it presents the state-of-the-art technologies and multidisciplinary research underway in the field to address existing challenges and provide future directions. This will be an important reference for postgraduate students in environmental science and engineering as well as high-level researchers, professors, experts and engineers who conduct research and practices in the area of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) approaches, sustainable wastewater management and related fields.

This book focuses on environmental aspects of Boka Kotorska Bay in Montenegro (South Adriatic Sea), an area that has been shaped by seasonal tourism, and explores the use and limitations of its natural resources. The individual chapters highlight its geographic and oceanographic characteristics, climate, history and development, biology, fisheries, agriculture, coastal zones, shipping, marine tourism and pollution. Above all, the environmental impact of tourism on marine, coastal and shoreline areas and the resulting conflicts are discussed in detail. The volume is intended for specialists working in various fields of environmental sciences and ecology, water resources and management, land reclamation and agriculture, and regional climate change.

At the dawn of the 21st century, biotechnology is emerging as a key enabling technology for sustainable environmental protection and stewardship. Biotechnology for the Environment: Wastewater Treatment and Modeling, Waste Gas Handling illustrates the current technological applications of microorganisms in wastewater treatment and in the control of waste gas emissions. In the first section of the book special emphasis is placed on the use of rigorous mathematical and conceptual models for an in-depth understanding of the complex biology and engineering aspects underlying the operation of modern wastewater treatment installations. The second part addresses waste gas biofiltration, an expanding biotechnological application of microbial metabolism for air quality assurance through processes ranging from the abatement of hazardous volatile pollutants to the elimination of nuisance odors. It will be a valuable reference source for environmental scientists, engineers and decision makers involved in the development, evaluation or implementation of biological treatment systems.

For more information on Strategy and Fundamentals, see Focus on Biotechnology, Volume 3A, and for more information on Soil Remediation, see Focus on Biotechnology, Volume 3B.

Resource Recovery in Industrial Waste Waters provides a holistic approach for discovering and harnessing valuable resources from industrial wastewaters, the cutting-edge technologies required, and a discussion on the new findings. In three volumes, the books stress the importance of contaminated waters' remediation, including surface waters, municipal or industrial wastewaters and treating these waters as a new source of nutrients, minerals and energy. It introduces polluted waters as new and sustainable sources, rather than seeing wastewaters as only a source of hazardous organic and inorganic matters. Sections discuss wastewater treatment and recovery and contribute to generate a sustainable approach of wastewater by providing the main advantages and disadvantages of both wastewater/polluted water treatment and recovery.

Resource Recovery in Drinking Water Treatment concentrates on techniques and methods for water purification. The book develops a new approach—resource recovery—toward drinking water, including the role of methods (adsorption, membrane, ion – exchange, biosorption, coagulation, etc.) and nanocomposites (such as biochar, sludge-based composites, chitosan, polymer, magnetic particles, etc.) in water resource recovery. It provides an in-depth overview on emerging water treatment techniques and the resource recovery of materials during the treatment process. Finally, the book aims to introduce polluted waters as new and sustainable sources rather than seeing wastewaters only a source of hazardous organic and inorganic matters. This book is part of a three-volume set that stresses the importance of contaminated water remediation, including surface waters, municipal or industrial wastewaters, and waters as a new source of nutrients, minerals and energy.

Resource Recovery in Municipal Waste Waters provides various municipal wastewater remediation methods and techniques to recover materials from such wastewaters. Sections cover the basic principles of resource recovery, along with the recovery of methane, phosphorous, electricity and metals. The volume covers comprehensive cutting-edge techniques for resource recovery and municipal wastewater treatment and reports on new findings in these areas. It also introduces polluted waters as new and sustainable sources rather than seeing wastewaters as a source of hazardous organic and inorganic matters. The main advantages and disadvantages of both wastewater/polluted water treatment and recovery are also discussed. This three-volume set stresses the importance of contaminated waters remediation, including surface waters, municipal or industrial wastewaters, treating these waters as a new source of nutrients, minerals and energy.

The current volumes, 5/I and 5/O in the Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Series, cover the analytical, toxicological and environmental issues of unregulated contaminants including surfactants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP), and gasoline additives, among priority pollutants identified by US and European environmental authorities. These books synthesize the results of up-to-date research to offer a balanced view of this rapidly developing and complex subject.

In the 20th century, water management focused on the local scale of interest. In the 21st century we will be facing changes in quantity and quality of our water cycle. Triggering forces behind these new challenges are industrialisation, population growth and the delayed awareness that we are to expect a global change. The magnitude and distribution of global changes are not exactly predictable, because we live in an always changing environment, are faced with severe and interfering processes, which all are not yet sufficiently understood. Therefore, to shoulder this task, hydrology should embrace more integrative and interdisciplinary approaches than already existing and has to achieve more flexibility in assessments and decisions. To better approach this challenge, catchments related solutions are more important than local solutions, to satisfy the water demand of agriculture, ecosystems, industry and the private sector. And we should keep in mind that the environment has a "sustainable memory" and our knowledge about attenuation capacities and resilience of the environment is still low.

This Volume covers protocols for various applications in hydrocarbon microbiology, including those of interest for industrial processes, biocatalysis, lipid and biofuel production, bioproducts, or the human microbiome. It presents detailed protocols for the functional screening of enzymes acting on greasy molecules (i.e. lipases, esterases), including assays for enantioselective biocatalysts, as well as approaches for protein display technologies. Protocols for improving fuel quality and production of biofuel and lipids in different hosts (bacteria, algae, yeast) are also provided. The production of biogas from organic waste and its fermentation into value-added products such as polyhydroxyalkanoates is covered, as well as an in-vitro model of the gut microbiome for short-chain fatty acid metabolism and microbial diversity analyses. The applications presented are examples of the many potential applications in hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology, and many (i.e. protein-display technologies) will also be of interest in other research fields. Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols There are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids, and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle, which is largely driven by microorganisms, has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels, plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce, consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.