This introductory 2004 textbook describes the nature of the Earth's environment and its physical processes so as to highlight environmental concerns arising from human use and misuse of soil and water resources. The author provides a thorough introduction to the basic issues regarding the sustainable, productive use of land resources that is vital in maintaining healthy rivers and good groundwater qualities. He develops a quantitative approach to studying these growing environmental concerns in a way that does not require prior knowledge of the physical sciences or calculus. The straightforward writing style, lack of prerequisite knowledge and copious illustrations make this textbook suitable for introductory university courses, as well as being a useful primer for research and management staff in environmental and resources management organisations. Each chapter ends with a set of student exercises for which solutions are available from [email protected].

This proceedings addresses soil-cement construction procedures and other innovative solutions to geotechnical construction issues. The papers contain overviews of soil-cement construction practice and case studies addressing pile construction, use of post-tension anchors for seismic upgrades, claims issues on a difficult muck excavation project, the relocation of a lighthouse, use of hollow piers for excavation support, and deep excavations in soft soil.

Given the need for better understanding of the behavior of rock masses, numerical modeling has become an invaluable tool. As computers become faster and cheaper, numerical modeling is starting to become a practical engineering tool rather than a tool used mainly for research. As such, it provides a bridge between laboratory experiments and field situations. This proceedings presents the most recent advances in rock mechanic research and practice, with many papers illustrating the power of numerical simulations to facilitate the understanding of complex behavior or the improvement of a challenging design. In addition, a number of case histories reinforce the notion of improving design through careful modeling. Finally, numerical analysis, in conjunction with the nondestructive technique of acoustic emission, is shown to produce information that can reveal actual microcracking mechanisms within rock.

This proceedings presents the results of research studies and case histories with an emphasis on new or innovative equipment, grouts, or methodologies. Topics covered include: compensation grouting, superjet grouting, silicate-grouted sand, cement grouting, grout injection pressures, fly ash-cement cellular grouts, flowable grout mixes, hydrophilic polyurethane grout, contaminated grout, and more. Also included are tributes to Wallace Hayward Baker and James P. Gould.

This proceeding presents cutting-edge information in active research and practical interest in the field of soil dynamics and geotechnical earthquake engineering. The topics include methods for liquefaction assessment, constitutive modeling, cyclic shear strength, dynamic soil-structure interaction, dam engineering, soil improvement, in situ testing, and probabilistic methods. From discussion of these topics, you will see how combinations of modern computational methods and experimental research can help to advance the understanding of both fundamental and applied problems.

"Rock Mass Classifications - A Practical Approach in Civil Engineering" was written in response to the many unanswered questions regarding this subject. Questions such as - Is Classification reasonably reliable? Can it be successful in crisis management of geohazards? Can a single Classification system be general for all rock structures? Is Classification a scientific approach? Laborious field research was undertaken in the Himalayan mountains by a team of scientists from the Central Mining Research Institute (CMRI), University of Roorkee (UOR), Central Soil and Material Research Station (CSMRS), U.P. Irrigation Research Institute (UPIRI), and Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) to answer these questions. The results obtained from the research work were systematically compiled to produce this book which bears particular relevance to civil, mining and petroleum engineers and geologists.

Endorsements
"It is a Handbook of Rock Engineering" - Zhao Jian, School of Civil & Structural Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
"I came across your new book - Rock Mass Classification, absolutely fantastic" - Subodh K. Jain, U.S.A

This standard, ""Earthquake-Actuated Automatic Gas Shutoff Devices (ASCE 25-97)"", provides minimum functionality requirements for earthquake-actuated automatic gas shutoff devices and systems meant to include mechanical devices consisting of a sensing means and a means to shut off the flow of gaseous fuels. It basically applies to single-family or multi-family structures of three stories or less. The seismic performance requirements established by this Standard are based upon data from recent earthquakes, primarily in Southern California.

The January 17, 1995, Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake struck the Kobe, Japan area. The earthquake and subsequent fires resulted in 6,300 deaths; 30,000 injuries; destruction of 150,000 buildings; and left 300,000 homeless. The estimated direct economic losses are $200 billion. The lifelines, which were concentrated adjacent to Osaka Bay, were in soft soils or fill that both amplified earthquake motions and liquefied. Transportation systems were severely disrupted and restoration of two primary expressways required 20 months. The gas, water, and wastewater systems were severely damaged and restoration required about three months. Power systems and communication systems were damaged; however, service at substations and central offices was restored in about a day and repair of damage to the distribution systems required weeks. Lifeline damage also contributed to fire losses for several reasons: gas leaks provided fuel for many fire ignitions; the restoration of power was also a source of fire ignition; water system damage deprived fire fighters of water to contain and extinguished fires; and damage to roadways prevented fire fighters from reaching fires. The disruption of electric power and water to hospitals was very disruptive to service. Some emergency power generators used city water for cooling and could not be used due to the loss of water. Water, which was needed for many critical hospital functions, was not available.

This special publication, sponsored by the Pavements Committee of the Geo-Institute, contains five papers from sessions of the Third National Conference of the Geo-Institute. The goal of the project was to encourage the application of geotechnical fundamentals in pavement design, and help the transfer of new developments in dealing with other earth-supported structures subjected to static, dynamic, and cyclic loads. Papers focus on recent advances in field and laboratory characterization of transportation geo-materials. These include the use of various nondestructive testing techniques (falling weight deflecometer, spectral analysis of surface waves, ground penetrating radar, seismic pavement analyzer, Humbold stiffness gauge) and cone penetration testing for field characterization, application of a new Tube Suction test method for characterizing durability of pavement foundation core samples, and laboratory stress path testing of granular materials under dynamic confinement conditions using a new advanced triaxial test device. Topics include evaluation of in situ resilient modulus testing techniques, evaluation of geogrid-reinforced granular base, durability of recycled and stabilized pavement materials, characterization of track substructure performance, and unbound granular material characterization from stress path loading tests.

While deep foundations are used extensively for the support of structures in both terrestrial and marine environments, significant uncertainties still exist in predicting the field behavior of such foundations. The Offshore Technology Research Center (OTRC) '99 Conference presented a forum for international authorities involved in the latest practice in this area to exchange ideas and experience. 19 papers in this book present the latest cutting-edge research in analysis, design, construction, and testing of deep foundations on topics, such as pile foundation collapse, three-dimensional analysis, pile driving techniques, and suction caisson foundations. Subject and author indexes are included for ease of reference. The symposium was organized in honor of Lymon C. Reese, an international authority in deep foundations and originator of the p-y method widely used in predicting behavior of deep foundations under lateral loading.

The Central Artery/Tunnel Project (CA/T) in Boston, Massachusetts, is the largest urban highway construction project in the history of the interstate system. The magnitude and complexity of the project, set in the variable and difficult subsurface conditions of the 350-year-old city, have required engineers to develop unique and innovative solutions. These papers discuss the various testing programs undertaken to answer technical questions related to design and construction of the Central Artery/ Tunnel Project in Boston. The technical issues discussed include: dewatering and injection testing; load testing of deep rock-socketed drilled shafts; evaluating various test methods for determining shear strength of marine clay; assessing effectiveness of different methods of grouting to pre-stabilize ground beneath railroad tracks prior to tunnel jacking; determining capacity of deeply anchored, tension elements to resist hydrostatic uplift on boat and tunnel structures; and evaluating different means for instrumenting old subway tunnels to evaluate impacts of overhead excavation. Although the tests were specific to the CA/T project, their results have much wider implications for geotechnical design in many other situations.

Although I knew Terzhaghi well, I did not fully appreciate the personal struggles or the genius of the man until I read Goodman's manuscript - Goodman has caught the essence of the man, says Ralph Peck in the foreword of this first full-length, critical biography on the life of Karl Terzaghi. If civil engineering were a game, Terzaghi had a right to lay down the rules, as he had invented and established much of the groundwork. Karl Terzhaghi (1883-1963) is one of the leading civil engineers of this century and widely known as the father of soil mechanics. His life-long application of the principles established in his work took him throughout the world to engineering challenges in Communist Russia, Nazi Germany, America, and the entire post-war world. Terzaghi's fame as a master engineer is well known, but the story of his development, both personal and professional, has remained unexplored by most people. This material emerged from reading his publications, hundreds of unpublished reports, thousands of private letters, and 82 volumes of previously private personal diaries. This narrative shows Terzaghi's struggle to understand the phenomena observed on many major engineering projects. Through his own words, we explore friendships, conflicts, jealousies, frustrations, and enormous successes. Terzaghi was an artist with constant focus, commitment, and genius. The exploration of his life, much of it amid the backdrop of turbulent Europe between the Wars, becomes an adventure that unfolds to entertain, educate, and stimulate.

This proceedings, "Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III", contains 116 papers presented at the 1998 Specialty Conference on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics sponsored by the Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers. The conference was held in Seattle, Washington, August 3-6, 1998. This conference is the third in a series of specialty conferences that have been held at ten-year intervals. This proceedings covers a broad field of topics that includes: ground motion; seismic hazard in the Pacific Northwest; seismic hazard analysis and design motions; dynamic soil properties; cyclic behavior of soils; liquefaction; experimental verification by model testing; site characterization; ground improvement; site response; displacement-based design; dams and embankments; retaining and waterfront structures; underground structures; and non-seismic and blasting vibrations. The monograph also includes ten invited papers on Emerging Art by outstanding researchers and practitioners. These papers focus on developments in important areas of geotechnical earthquake engineering practice in the past 10 years, and on anticipated developments in the next 10 years.

This proceedings, Design and Construction of Earth Retaining Systems, contains papers presented at sessions sponsored by the Geo-Institute in conjunction with the ASCE Annual Convention held in Boston, Massachusetts, October 18-21, 1998. These papers focus on innovations in design and construction of earth retaining systems, design criteria, specialty testing programs and instrumentation monitoring. Most papers focus on the design and construction aspects of various segments of the Central Artery/Tunnel project in Boston, including the: proposed soil-cement mixing in the Fort Point Channel; design of the jacked tunnels that run underneath railroad tracks leading to South Station; instrumentation used on a project-wide basis with emphasis on the soil-mix and jacked tunnel sections; base stability issues and effects of soil-cement treatment; design and performance of a tied-back sheet pile wall in soft clay; and a case study of a Casting Basin. Other papers describe anchored deep soil-mixed cutoff walls and design-build tiedback walls in Wisconsin; the use of soil nails in soft clay; deep excavations in Berlin, Germany; and precast prestressed slurry walls.

This collection of papers presented at the sessions on ""Unsaturated Soil Engineering Practice"" held during the First National Conference of the ASCE Geo-Institute at the Utah State University in Logan, Utah from July 16-19, 1997. The significance of unsaturated soils in geotechnical engineering practice is great. The vast majority of the infrastructure is founded on and in unsaturated soil deposits. Unsaturated soil foundation problems are commonly associated with moisture-sensitive soils, wherein soils exhibit significant volume change and/or strength reduction upon wetting and represent a common geotechnical concern in both arid and humid climates. These papers address recent practice, experience, and advances in unsaturated soils engineering. The magnitude of unsaturated soil concerns is clearly identified through the diversity of topics presented. Rational, unified approaches for dealing with these unsaturated soil problems have recently emerged, providing the geotechnical engineer with tools of analysis for these problems.

This innovative soil mechanics text is intended for junior and senior civil engineering majors and contains unique lab experiments incorporating the most up-to-date material and broad range of testing methods. Features include integration of geotechnical topics with laboratory methods, numerous in-text problems and updated laboratory testing methods that meet ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Standards. Consolidation and triaxial test data and results coverage offers a careful examination not found in other texts and the noteworthy section on the New Unified System offers easy-to-use tables and flow charts.

This proceedings, ""Unsaturated Soils"", consists of papers presented at sessions of the 1993 ASCE National Convention and Exposition held in Dallas, Texas, October 24-28, 1993. The papers include both practice and research in the analysis and design of geotechnical engineering and geo-environmental works in unsaturated soils. The first part on unsaturated soil behavior addresses the history, as well as current trends in unsaturated soil mechanics, methods of predicting volume change of compacted and naturally-occurring soils, laboratory and field methods for obtaining unsaturated soil characteristics, unsaturated flow, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity determination. The second part on mitigation of expansive soil damage addresses engineering practice and case histories on shrink/swell behavior, performance of moisture barriers, and performance of foundations while it focuses on successful methods of avoiding or mitigating damage for soil movements. The issues addressed in these proceedings are intended to demonstrate the wide range on unsaturated soils problems and to show advances in unsaturated soil mechanics practice.

This U.S. Army Corps of Engineers engineering manual, ""Bearing Capacity of Soils"", presents guidelines for calculation of the bearing capacity of soil under shallow and deep foundations supporting various types of structures and embankments. The principles presented are applicable to numerous types of structures such as buildings and houses, towers and storage tanks, fills, embankments, and dams. The first chapter presents definitions, failure modes, and factors that influence bearing capacity. The next chapter discusses non-load related design considerations such as frost action and soil erosion. Chapter 3 explores laboratory and in situ methods of determining soil parameters required. The last two chapters present an analysis of the bearing capacity of shallow foundations and deep foundations, respectively.

Channelized Rivers Perspectives for Environmental Management Andrew Brookes Environmental Consultant, Reading, UK For centuries engineers have modified river channels in order to control floods, drain land, prevent erosion and improve navigation. The natural shape of many rivers has been dramatically changed, often with dire environmental consequences. This book demonstrates the role fluvial geomorphology can play in the design of river channels, both to lessen environmental impact and to enhance the success of channelization schemes. It considers the physical and biological impacts of channelization, the repercussions downstream and in the adjacent floodplain. Revised procedures and designs are proposed which minimize harsh environmental impacts. The interdisciplinary approach of the book offers river managers the opportunity to make more environmentally sensitive decisions in the course of their work. The book will be of great interest to geomorphologists, biologists and civil engineers working in the water industry.

In the modem language of reservoir engineering by reservoir description is understood the totality of basic local information concerning the reservoir rock and fluids which by various procedures are extrapolated over the entire reservoir. Fracture detection, evaluation and processing is another essential step in the process of fractured reservoir description. In chapter 2, all parameters related to fracture density and fracture intensity, together with various procedures of data processing are discussed in detail. After a number of field examples, developed in Chap. 3, the main objective remains the quantitative evaluation of physical properties. This is done in Chap. 4, where the evaluation of fractures porosity and permeability, their correlation and the equivalent ideal geometrical models versus those parameters are discussed in great detail. Special rock properties such as capillary pressure and relative permeability are reexamined in the light of a double-porosity reservoir rock. In order to complete the results obtained by direct measurements on rock samples, Chap. 5 examines fracturing through indirect measurements from various logging results. The entire material contained in these five chapters defines the basic physical parameters and indicates procedures for their evaluation which may be used further in the description of fractured reservoirs.

This book presents the frontiers of tsunami science and research and demonstrates the unprecedented progress achieved during this period overviewing different aspect of tsunami science including meteorological tsunamis. The two 1992 events near Nicaragua and Flores Island, Indonesia, marked the beginning of a "modern tsunami science era" producing highly destructive tsunamis and opened a 25-year period of numerous devastating events, including two of the most destructive natural disasters in recent human history: the 26 December 2004 Sumatra and the 11 March 2011 Tohoku tsunamis. The book is of interest to scientists and practitioners as well postgraduate students in geophysics, oceanography and coastal engineering, involved in all aspects of tsunamis, from earthquake source processes to transoceanic wave propagation, from coastal impacts to hazard assessment and combining recent case studies with advances in tsunami science and natural hazards mitigation.

This book is a comprehensive and objective study of the theory and construction methods of metro construction in hard rock stratum. It is based on the construction of the Qingdao metro and provides key techniques for metro construction in hard rock stratum in a systematic manner. Detailed data, accurate charts and pictures are provided to guide future metro construction in hard rock stratum in China.Divided into six chapters, Key Technologies of Metro Construction in Hard Rock Stratum covers various construction technologies in hard rock stratum including (1) drilling and blasting construction technology, (2) open-cut station construction technology, (3) subsurface excavated station construction technology, (4) grouting reinforcement technology in adverse geological section, and (5) standardized metro construction technology. It can be used as reference for design, construction, monitoring or supervision staff as well as teachers and students engaged in metro and underground construction to facilitate exchange of ideas.

Rock dynamics has become one of the most important topics in the field of rock mechanics and rock engineering. The spectrum of rock dynamics is very wide and it includes the failure of rocks, rock masses and rock engineering structures such as rockbursting, spalling, popping, collapse, toppling, sliding, blasting, non-destructive testing, geophysical explorations, science and engineering of rocks and impacts. The book specifically covers fundamentals of rock dynamics, constitutive models, numerical analysis techniques, dynamic testing procedures, the multi-parameter responses and motions of rocks during fracturing or slippage in laboratory experiments, earthquakes and their strong motion characteristics and their effect on various rock structures such as foundations, underground structures, slopes, dynamic simulation of loading and excavation, blasting and its positive utilization in rock engineering, the phenomenon of rockburst in rock excavations, non-destructive testing of rockbolts and rock anchors and impacts by meteors or projectiles. The main goal of this book is to present a unified and complete treatise on Rock Dynamics and to represent a milestone in advancing the knowledge in this field and in leading to new techniques for experiments, analytical and numerical modelling as well as monitoring of dynamics of rocks and rock engineering structures.

Analysis, Modeling & Design is the third volume of the five-volume set Rock Mechanics and Engineering and contains twenty-eight chapters from key experts in the following fields: - Numerical Modeling Methods; - Back Analysis; - Risk Analysis; - Design and Stability Analysis: Overviews; - Design and Stability Analysis: Coupling Process Analysis; - Design and Stability Analysis: Blast Analysis and Design; - Rock Slope Stability Analysis and Design; - Analysis and Design of Tunnels, Caverns and Stopes. The five-volume set "Comprehensive Rock Engineering", which was published in 1993, has had an important influence on the development of rock mechanics and rock engineering. Significant and extensive advances and achievements in these fields over the last 20 years now justify the publishing of a comparable, new compilation. Rock Mechanics and Engineering represents a highly prestigious, multi-volume work edited by Professor Xia-Ting Feng, with the editorial advice of Professor John A. Hudson. This new compilation offers an extremely wideranging and comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in rock mechanics and rock engineering and is composed of peer-reviewed, dedicated contributions by all the key experts worldwide. Key features of this set are that it provides a systematic, global summary of new developments in rock mechanics and rock engineering practices as well as looking ahead to future developments in the fields. Contributors are worldrenowned experts in the fields of rock mechanics and rock engineering, though younger, talented researchers have also been included. The individual volumes cover an extremely wide array of topics grouped under five overarching themes: Principles (Vol. 1), Laboratory and Field Testing (Vol. 2), Analysis, Modelling and Design (Vol. 3), Excavation, Support and Monitoring (Vol. 4) and Surface and Underground Projects (Vol. 5). This multi-volume work sets a new standard for rock mechanics and engineering compendia and will be the go-to resource for all engineering professionals and academics involved in rock mechanics and engineering for years to come.